My Dream Job

Since childhood, it is my dream to be a teacher. It is the noblest job in the world where teacher molds the characters of different personalities not just in academics but as well as the individual. There will be no doctors and any other professions if there are no teachers thus , the future of our nation lies on the teacher ‘s hands. This principle is inculcated in my mind and it motivates me to pursue this dream of mine.As an aspirant, I want to be competitive and equipped in the  profession I have chosen which is to be a good teacher someday because I want to give my future students the best of me and not the least. This dream motivates me to further my studies in education where I can be a competitive teacher and a role model to my students. I believe that the graduate study would be able to help me achieve this dream.This program, graduate study, would help me become more develop and equip on the things that I want to learn that I can be able to use in my teaching career in the future. I believe that it is not sufficient to be a graduate of a normal school or college, or to stand high in the profession of teaching. Like the students, the teacher must grow, and this growth must be long lines both professional and general. The teacher must have knowledge of educational movements and a familiarity with the progress in educational thought and research.Hence, with the progress in education literature and new education textbooks, and adopt the new ideas that are  sound that I can learn from the graduate school The zeal with which the teacher takes up and tests them in is one of the most helpful features of education work. The graduate school would help me become an earnest searcher and investigator in my own professional field. Thus, this program would develop my ability to create effective learning situation.

Impact of Grey Marketing on Indian Economy Essay

â€Å"An unofficial market in which goods are bought and sold at prices lower than the official price set by a regulatory agency Grey marketing (also sometimes known as â€Å"gray market†) involves the trade of legal goods through unauthorized, unofficial, and unintended channels of distribution. Hence, trademarked products are often exported from one country to another and sold by unauthorized individuals or firms. This practice is also often known as parallel importing, product diverting, and even arbitrage, and typically flourishes when a product is in short supply, when manufacturers resort to skimming strategies in specific markets. A good example is the trading of crude oil by an individual. The grey market includes services that are typically unregistered to evade taxes. Perfectly legitimate occupations, such as domestic help, babysitters, part time beauticians and freelancers, may not be registered. Not only is it difficult to detect such defaulters, the punishment is usually mild. For example, even as Apple, Inc., rolled out its latest third-generation iPhone on July 11, 2008, several retail stores throughout the world, including those in China and Thailand, continued to take orders even though this product was not being sold in those markets. Their computer codes were unlocked, so that the phones could be used with different mobile service providers. Even in India, one of the fastest-growing markets for cell phones, Apple delayed the release of the original iPhone until mid-2008, a year after the release in the United States and six months after its release in Europe, because of the fear of grey market sales. A wide range of goods and services have been sold through grey markets, including automobiles, broadcasting delivery, college textbooks, pharmaceuticals, photographic equipment, video games, and even wines. Research has demonstrated that every one of the world’s eight major export regions has experienced grey marketing activity damaging to their operations. Parallel market is further encouraged by periods of war or any other crisis. During harsh political conditions or natural disasters, scarce goods are rationed by the government. People have the tendency to violate restrictions or rationing laws to secure the products they desire. In the United States, grey market goods are prohibited according to Section 526 of the Tariff Act of 1930, which expressly forbids importation of goods of foreign manufacture without permission of the trademark owner. However, the implementation of regulation by the U.S. Customs Service and the courts’ interpretation of the law have not been in line with each other. In a recent study, about 13 percent of the firms in North America have reported some form of grey marketing. A positive outcome of grey markets is that they provide brand-name goods at lower prices to the customer. They can create incremental sales in markets not in direct competition with sanctioned dealers, and sometimes help companies overcome distribution bottlenecks because of local government regulations. Occasionally, it is less expensive to tolerate grey marketing than to shut down the operations completely because of the time and resources required to monitor the violations. Finally, eradicating grey marketing activities can provide a firm with sound marketing intelligence regarding customers in these markets and their buying behavior. On the other hand, the phenomenon obviously also has several drawbacks for companies. It simultaneously undermines the manufacturer’s distribution arrangements and their ability to control quality it creates the dilution of exclusivity and damages existing channel relationships. Official dealers may not choose to offer significant services in order to compete with the grey market price for the product. There is likely to be an erosion of the brand’s global image, and the firm is unlikely to have the ability to use traditional pricing strategies, thus having less control over their overall marketing strategies. 2.According To World Health Organization: 2.1.Parallel Imports: Parallel imports are imports of a patented or trademarked product from a country where it is already marketed. For example, in Mozambique 100 units of Bayer’s ciprofloxacin (500mg) costs US$740, but in India Bayer sells the same drug for US$15 (owing to local generic competition). Mozambique can import the product from India without Bayer’s consent. According to the theory of exhaustion of intellectual property rights, the exclusive right of the patent holder to import the protected product is exhausted, and thus ends, when the product is first launched on the market. When a state or group of states applies this principle of exhaustion of intellectual property rights in a given territory, parallel importation is authorized to all residents in the state in question. In a state that does not recognize this principle, however, only the patent holder who has been registered has the right to import the protected product. Sometimes referred to as â€Å"grey market† imports, parallel imports often takes place when there is differential pricing of the same product – either brand-name or generic drugs – in different markets (usually owing to local manufacturing costs or market conditions). The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement explicitly states that this practice cannot be challenged under the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system and so is effectively a matter of national discretion. Parallel imports can reduce the price of health products and pharmaceuticals by introducing competition. However, they can also affect the negotiation of tiered pricing regimes with pharmaceutical companies. If a private pharmaceutical company agrees to sell a product at a lower price in poor countries, it will need some assurance that the cheaper product will not be imported back into its rich country markets, undercutting its profits (product di version). 3.Grey Marketing by Industry: 3.1. IPO Grey Marketing in India: Cities like Ahmedabad, Kolkata and Rajkot are the most active centers for the IPO (initial public offerings) grey market. Trades done in the grey market are settled on the day of listing. Once the deal is done at a stipulated price, the seller must deliver the shares after he has been allotted the shares by the company. If the seller falls short in receiving the exact number of shares that he has sold in anticipation, then he must buy the shares on the market (once the share is listed) to honor his commitment. Most of the recently-concluded initial public offerings are quoting at a significant premium in the grey market, compared to their issue prices; this means that the issues are perceived to have been underpriced. Many traders short sell in the grey market if they feel that the premium on offer is unwarranted and that the stock may list at a price lower than what most market players expect it to. Though grey-market operators say that there is a constant change in the grey-market premium, it largely depends on the subscription on the last day and the market conditions, post issue closing. 3.1.1. In the stock market, what is the concept of grey marketing? Grey marketing is a trade of something legal but through unofficial and unauthorized distribution channels. In contrast, black marketing is a trade of illegal goods or services through illegal channels. The grey market of goods is to import and sell products through market channels which are not authorized by the manufacturers. It occurs when the prices of a product differ significantly in different countries. The grey market of securities markets and IPO (Initial Public Offer) is to buy and sell the shares to be allotted in the future. Once the trading is done in the grey market at a stipulated price, the seller must deliver the sold number of shares to the buyer on the day of listing to honor the commitment. 3.1.2.Effect of Grey Market Trading on Indian Economy 3.1.2.1Grey Market: Rs. 1L in Reliance Power IPO will earn 9% in 20 days [pic] AHMEDABAD: Reliance Power (REPL) seems to have electrified grey market operations in Ahmedabad with operators willing to shell out as much as Rs. 9,000 for every application of Rs. 1 lakh. In the bustling grey market in Gujarat, such high rates are unheard of. The last benchmark for hectic activity was the Mundra Port and SEZ IPO in November when the grey market started buying applications for Rs. 7,500 in the last stages of the issue. With the REPL offer ready to hit the market on January 15, the grey market is trading the shares and the applications. It basically means that if you have Rs. 1 lakh to invest when the IPO opens, you have a secured 9% return within 20 days of closing of the issue when the stock would be listed. After SEBI cleared REPL’s IPO, grey markets had resumed trading in the stock with premium saudas (trades) at Rs. 340-350 and application buying rate at Rs. 7,500. While the premium has zoomed to Rs. 390-400, the applications rate touched Rs. 9,000 and could break the Rs. 10,000 mark by the time the IPO hits the market, sources said. The excitement on the counter in the grey market has come on the heels of news that REPL will offer 5% discount to retail investors, who will also get an option to pay only 25% of IPO amount at the time of application. 3.1.2.2.Reliance Power IPO: Grey market sees Rs. 2000 crore loss: [pic] AHMEDABAD: The dismal debut of Reliance Power on the bourses may result in losses to the tune of Rs. 2,000 crore in the grey market. Operators also fear a payment crisis as many investors are threatening to hold back payments. Grey market players — both operators and investors — who were expecting the stock to list in the range of Rs. 550-Rs 600 per share, were in shock as Reliance Power opened at Rs. 430 and closed at Rs. 372.50 on its first day on the exchanges. This could also adversely impact the premium transactions in forthcoming IPOs (initial public offers). Ever since the grey market began trading in this IPO, the premium on Reliance Power shares had peaked at Rs. 450 over and above IPO price of Rs. 450 per share. Majority of trading in R-Power IPO in the grey market was done at an average premium of Rs. 300 per share. As the issue closed at Rs. 372.50, most market operators, who had taken huge exposures, have lost Rs. 377 per share. It is estimated the grey market has already taken an exposure of five crore equity shares, leading to losses worth Rs. 1,900 crore. It is also learnt that many investors in Jaipur have refused to honor their payment commitment to grey market operators in Ahmedabad, as the IPO plunged after listing. This could well result in operators losing out on large sums of money and have a cascading effect in the market. 3.1.2.3.Grey market bets big time on DLF IPO: [pic] AHMEDABAD: Only time can tell whether you could get the elusive pit of gold at the end of the DLF IPO rainbow. But, street savvy investors in Gujarat have already started earning a secured 4% return on their investment in the initial public offer of the country’s biggest realty developers, much before the offer hits the market on June 11. Large numbers of investors, who want to earn secured interest earning up to 4%, are selling their IPO applications to grey market operators in Ahmedabad. Although the DLF IPO is opening from May 11, IPO applications are being sold anywhere between Rs. 3,800 and Rs 4,000 for a single application worth Rs. 1 lakh. Activities in the Ahmedabad’s grey market, popularly known as Sakar Bazar, has gradually been heightening as the market enters the final week before a deluge of public offering hit the primary markets. Led by DLF IPO, the next two months could see close to Rs. 50,000 crore being raised from the market. On one hand, the grey market is witnessing huge trading in IPOs, which are yet to be listed on the bourse. On another hand, people are selling their IPO applications to the grey market operators for a secured interest. Even as DLF shares are yet to be listed on the bourse, operators in Ahmedabad’s grey market are trading DLF shares at a premium of Rs 37 to Rs 38 on its issue price of Rs 500-Rs 550. Similarly, Meghmani Organic is fetching a premium of Rs 5 over its issue price. And, it’s not only in the case of these two IPOs. All IPOs are traded in the Ahmedabad grey market, which seems to have a handle on the pricing of IPO listings. It has been found by most market participant of the capital market that majority of the IPOs’ listing prices are normally close to the last trading price of the IPO in the Ahmedabad’s grey market. 4.WINE: The grey market in wine flourishes, particularly in the case of champagne. Many large champagne producers do their own importing, and desire to maintain independent price points in different markets. Thus a bottle of Champagne might cost US$35 in the United States while the same bottle might be only 15 Euros in France. It is often profitable to buy the wine in Europe from an authorized distributor, and resell it in the US. In the case of enormous pricing disparity, it is not uncommon to find a grey-marketed wine selling for less at retail than the wholesale price of the authorized distributor. In the case of a large availability disparity between the US and Europe, the grey market price may be the same or higher than the authorized price. Typically the importer of a wine is the one most concerned about grey market sources. The winemaker may or may not care what happens to the wine after it is sold, although he or she might complain to appease an importer. 4.1.India imports 72,000 cases of wine a year PUNE: The Indian wine market is growing at 30-40% annually and this rate will continue for the next 5-6 years in keeping with global trends. However, the current per person per year consumption of wine in the country is as low as 9-10 ml. The Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation has mentioned this in its note on the grape wine industry of Maharashtra, based on a report prepared by Rabo International Bank. The highest wine consuming countries such as France and Italy has per person wine consumption as high as 60 to 70 liters annually. Those in China consume four liters, the report stated. Domestically, 80 % of wine consumption is confined to major cities like Mumbai (39 %), Delhi (23 %), Bangalore (9 %) and Goa (9 %) whereas rest of India has only 20 % consumption. The MIDC report further stated that India currently imports 72,000 wine cases (nine liters to a case) a year. About 32,000 of this are bottled at origin and the other 40,000 cases are imported in bulk flexi bags, which are subsequently bottled by Indian wineries. Besides this, about 12,000-15,000 wine cases are sold through the grey market. In 2009-2010, some seven lakh liters of wine worth Rs. 5.92 crore was exported to France, Italy, Germany, US, UK, Singapore and Belgium from Maharashtra. The state had announced its `Maharashtra Grape Processing Industrial Policy 2001†² on September 19, 2001 with wine as an important part of it. According to a report by MIDC, four components are required to make good wine. Those are soil, climate, vines and human factor – that is the people who brew wine. A lot depends on finding the ideal balance between the characteristic of soil, the microclimate and the grape varieties. At present wine grapes are grown on a 7,000 acre area in the state. In 2010 there were a total of 74 wines making units (36 in Nashik, 13 in Sangli, 12 in Pune, 5 in Solapur, 4 in Osmanabad, 3 in Buldana and 1 in Latur district) that had started production in the state. At present, total production of wine in the country is 1.45 crore litres from 90 wineries in the country. Of that, 1.32 crore litres wine is produced by 75 wineries in Maharashtra. The total investment in wineries was Rs 431.71 crore in 2009 which rose to Rs 452.10 crore in 2012. France, Italy, Spain, Germany are the main grape wine producing countries in the world. Nearly 32,000 million litres wine is produced per annum. 5.AUTOMOBILES: Automobile manufacturers segment world markets by territory and price, thus creating a demand for grey import vehicles. In the United Kingdom the term applies to vehicles imported either new from cheaper European countries or from Japanese domestic models imported secondhand from Japan or Singapore, which both have strict laws against older cars. This importation of secondhand models from Japan/Singapore tends to involve sports models that were never released in the UK or models that fetch a high price in the UK due to their performance or status. Although some grey imports are a bargain, some buyers have discovered that their vehicles do not meet British regulations or that parts and service are hard to come by because these cars are different from the versions sold new in the UK. In New Zealand, grey market vehicles comprise a majority of cars in the national fleet. These secondhand imports have achieved ‘normal’ status and are used and serviced without comment throughout society. A huge industry servicing and supplying parts for these vehicles has developed. After years of trying to stop grey imports the car companies themselves have become involved, importing in competition with their own new models. 6.MOBILE HANDSET: iphone Launch gets hit by Grey Marketing: 6.1.Low-cost handsets to get impacted, says industry: Nearly 75 per cent of the currently available mobile handset models in the market could get defunct or redesigned with the Government deciding to bring in new radiation norms for the telecom sector. The Department of Telecom has accepted a proposal by an inter-ministerial committee to lower the permitted radiation in mobile phones by 50 per cent. The move will impact almost all the handset makers, especially those who operate in the low-end segment. 6.2.Handset price: According to the Indian Cellular Association, the new radiation norm will jack up handset price by 5-30 per cent as handset makers will have to make additional investments to meet the new rules. According to the new guidelines, handsets should not have Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of more than 1.6 watt/kg taken over a volume containing as mass of 1 gram of human issue. This is the same levels allowed in the US. India till now followed the European standards wherein handset makers are allowed to have SAR levels of 2 watt/kg on a 10 gram human issue. Globally, about 1,500 million mobile phones are sold per year out of which more than 80 per cent is sold in countries where European guidelines are followed. In India, there about 10 global brands, another 15-20 Indian brands and more than 4,000 importers who trade in unbranded Chinese phones. â€Å"Most of the handsets under Rs 11,999 which are approximately 645 or so would have to be redesigned. Effectively, this would disrupt the entire operation of more than 88 per cent of the legal handsets sold in the market (the legal market is approximately 70-75 per cent of India’s total volume market). All global brands and domestic brands will get seriously impacted by this,† Mr. Pankaj Mohindroo, President, Indian Cellular Association. 6.3.Chinese handsets: The industry is worried that the new guidelines will have no impact on the Chinese unbranded grey market phones, which is handled by over 4,000 importers with volumes between 3 and 4 million a month. The handset makers fear that the grey market will get a window of opportunity of approximately 6-9 months to rapidly expand their volumes before the branded companies start bringing redesigned phones. â€Å"If the Government is bringing new laws to address concerns of health and security then it should also set up good monitoring. While the branded phones will have to bear the costs to redesign phones, grey market devices will continue to be available without any check,† said Mr. S.N. Rai, Co-founder & Director, Lava International – one of the Indian handset Company. According to ICA, the industry would be able to redesign approximately 100 models in about 6-9 months and 200 in 24 months. There are about 850 handset models available in the market at present. â€Å"The legal industry will never be able to redesign all the models and the availability would constrict to at best 150- 200 models within 18-24 months of implementation of such norms,† Mr. Mohindroo said 6.4.Ultra low-cast models: ICA said that in the case of ultra low-cost handsets, it may not be possible to redesign these handsets and all the models in the ultra low-cost handsets less than Rs 1,500 could get knocked out of the market. Apart from lowering the permitted radiation levels, the new guidelines also make it mandatory for handset makers to display the SAR level on the handset. The DoT is expected to notify the new norms shortly. Keywords: mobile radiation norms, low-cost handsets to get impacted, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 6.5.Dark days for mobile grey market: The import duty on mobile phones has been reduced from about 16 per cent to around 4 per cent.Industry participants also believe that the shift from grey market to the legal market is by and large on the account of growing number of mobile retail stores. â€Å"The mobile stores provide accessibility to the consumers. Our mobile stores are at all the visible locations, so consumers can walk in anywhere and get the best deals possible,† said Subhiksha marketing vice-president Mohit Khattar. Industry analysts say that a huge grey market exists because of the differential of around 10 per cent to 25 per cent between legal and grey handset prices.With growing competition in the organized mobile retail market, players are offering products at lower prices. This, in turn, helps counter the grey market and bolsters footfalls in these stores. â€Å"Consumers can buy high-end, genuine branded handsets with guarantee of replacement or repair through the mobile retail stores. Trust is the predominant factor that consumers are turning towards the branded retail stores,† said HotSpot CEO Sanjeev Mahajan. Consumers are opting for accessibility and do not mind paying extra for it. The grey markets operate from a few areas in a city. On the other hand, mobile stores are more easily accessible as they are located in all prominent markets. The growing brand consciousness among the people, analysts say is also propelling the consumers to approach branded mobile retail stores. Mobile phone retail chains like Mobile Store, Mobi Retail, RPG Cellucom, currently account for just 7 percent of the overall mobile handset market, which has a market share of Rs 15,000 crore. â€Å"Currently, the impact of mobile retail stores on the grey market is minimal. However, considering the rapid growth rate of organized mobile retail, its contribution is set to increase in the next 3-4 years,† said retail consultancy Technopak Advisors chairman Arvind Singhal. Though the grey market in mobile phones has reduced, a large (75%) grey market still exists in mobile phone accessories such as batteries and chargers, which are often available at one-tenth the price of company branded accessories . Last year, the mobile phone makers asked finance ministry to reduce 34% duty on imported accessories, but nothing concrete has happened as yet. 7.PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPTMENT: Generally regarded as legal in most countries, parallel imports make expensive photographic equipment attractive to savvy users. The grey market in photographic equipment is thriving in highly developed and heavily taxed states like Singapore, with dealers importing directly from lower taxed states and selling at a lower price, creating competition against a local authorised distributor. Grey sets, as colloquially called, are often comparable to authorised imports. Lenses or flash units of parallel imports often only differ by the warranty provided, and since the grey sets were manufactured for another state, photographic equipment manufacturers often offer local warranty, instead of international warranty, which will render grey sets ineligible for warranty claims with the manufacturer. Due to the nature of local warranty, importers of grey sets usually mask the flaw in warranty with their own warranty schemes. These are often warranties with reduced benefits or lasting a shorter period of time. Grey sets do not differ particularly from an authorised import. They look and function identically, apart from the manufacturer’s warranties having been voided. 7.1.Grey market for digital cameras may bite the dust soon: KOLKATA: Grey markets for digital cameras may soon become a thing of past, feel the imaging majors in India. â€Å"It is certainly the year of demise for grey market in compact category, and the sun will set soon in DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) segment,† said Alok Bharadwaj, senior V-P, Canon India. Though being an unorganized sector, it is spread in many metro cities, like in Kolkata, at Metro Galli, Kidderpore, and in Delhi, at Pallika Bazar. â€Å"Earlier, Nikon’s competition was Nikon grey but now the scenario has changed and grey market has shrunk a lot. Its no more a cause for concern,† said Sajjan Kumar, GM, imaging, Nikon India. According to Bharadwaj, the grey market in the country is mostly activated in DSLR segment and it’s roughly around Rs. 250 crore, but since India is the main focus for all the global camera majors and as a consequence of that, the market is also increasing rapidly, which is ultimately causing the death of grey market. â€Å"The general trend amongst consumers is to buy expensive lenses and camera bodies from the grey market at a cheaper rate, but now with most of the players providing the product at a place nearby them, with an extended guarantee period and free memory cards, people are ready to buy it from us officially,† said Kumar. â€Å"More awareness among the consumers and round-the-clock marketing have also stepped up the chances to diminish the grey market,† said Hiroshi Takashina, MD, Nikon India. It may be noted that Nikon India has recently doubled its marketing expenditure to Rs. 120 crore from last year’s Rs 60 crore. Another common feeling amongst the leading camera players is, if government reduces tax on the DSLR bodies, lens, accessories, then the process of erasing grey market will be rapid. â€Å"Currently, the basic duty on lenses and accessories is still at 10%, which makes it a little difficult for us to bring DSLR prices further down, despite a phenomenal growth in the sector,† said a top official of Olympus India. Currently only 1% of Olympus India’s sales is affected by grey market. â€Å"The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) will benefit us surely to cut the excessive costing,† feels Bharadwaj. It may be noted that India and Japan have signed the CEPA Act, under which both the countries will enjoy some trade benefits during the bilateral trade. According to Takashina, India is a price conscious market where 75% of the sales are in the category of cameras priced below Rs.10,000, so with more shopping shop concept and 24 hour customer care backup, it is now more sensible for a customer to buy the gear from official dealers than to go and buy it from the grey market. 8.BROADCASTING: In television and radio broadcasting, grey markets primarily exist in relation to satellite radio and satellite television delivery. The most common form is companies reselling the equipment and services of a provider not licensed to operate in the market. 8.1Industry body opposes levy on TV sets: [pic] NEW DELHI: Consumer electronics industry said on Monday that sale of television sets would be hit and investment flows affected, if government imposes a license fee on TV sets. Also, share of the grey market would go up if such a proposal is accepted, Anoop Kumar president Consumer Electronics and TV Manufacturers Association (Cetma) said.[pic] Government is planning to impose a license fee of 10-15% on purchase price of each TV set, to provide financial help to Prasar Bharati. If the proposed levy is imposed, the level of taxation on TV sets would rise to 45-50% and the share of the grey market will certainly increase, a Cetma official said. When total incidence of taxes on ACs was about 50%, the grey market was more than 80%. With the reduction of taxes, the grey market for ACs has practically disappeared. The increase in the share of grey market for TV sets will ultimately result in loss of revenue to the government, Cetma added. Cetma said any â€Å"additional burden† would result in a major slowdown of the television industry, already reeling under heavy taxes. 9.VIDEO GAMES: Grey markets can sometimes develop for select video game consoles and titles whose demand temporarily outstrips supply and the local shops run out of stock, this happens especially during the holiday season. Other popular items, such as dolls can also be affected. In such situations the grey market price may be considerably higher than the manufacturer’s suggested retail price. Online auction sites such as eBay have contributed to the emergence of the video game grey market. 10.How to control the web of Grey Marketing? In order to reduce the impact of grey market goods, firms can take the following strategies: Enforcement of intellectual property rights Manufacturers or their licensees often seek to enforce trademark or other intellectual-property rights against the grey market. Such rights may be exercised against the import, sale and/or advertisement of grey imports. However, such rights can be limited. Examples of such limitations include the first-sale doctrine in the United States and the doctrine of the exhaustion of rights in the European Union. When grey-market products are advertised on Google, eBay or other legitimate web sites, it is possible to petition for removal of any advertisements that violate trademark or copyright laws. This can be done directly, without the involvement of legal professionals. eBay, for example, will remove listings of such products even in countries where their purchase and use is not against the law. Refusal to supply Manufacturers may refuse to supply distributors and retailers (and with commercial products, customers) that trade in grey-market goods. They may also more broadly limit supplies in markets where prices are low. Refusal to honor warranties Manufacturers may refuse to honor the warranty of an item purchased from grey-market sources, on the grounds that the higher price on the non-grey market reflects a higher level of service. Alternatively, they may provide the warranty service only from the manufacturer’s subsidiary in the intended country of import, not the diverted third country where the grey goods are ultimately sold by the distributor or retailer. This response to the grey market is especially evident in electronics goods. Reliance on regulation Local laws (or customer demand) concerning distribution and packaging (for example, the language on labels, units of measurement, and nutritional disclosure on foodstuffs) can be brought into play, as can national standards certifications for certain goods. Tracing grey-market goods Manufacturers may give the same item different model numbers in different countries, even though the functions of the item are identical, so that they can identify grey imports. Manufacturers can also use batch codes to enable similar tracing of grey imports. Parallel market importers often de-code the product in order to avoid the identification of the supplier. In the United States, courts have decided that decoding which blemishes the product is a material alteration, rendering the product infringed. Parallel market importers have worked around this limitation by developing new removal techniques.

Choosing the Correct Daycare

Tyree’s Child Care 2 John and Sue have been seeking a new child care facility for their eight week old baby, Tyree. Unfortunately, they have been unable to come to a decision between two of the best centers. The high point of Center A is that there are many teachers and they are always speaking to and cuddling the infants. The high point of Center B is not only is it safe and clean like Center A, it is less expensive, as well. However, upon professional evaluation of the two centers, Center A was chosen for baby Tyree.The center meets the state licensing requirements, has a nice atmosphere, is safe, clean and has plenty of amiable staff members. A safe environment and trusted caretakers are factors in building resilience in children (Bukatko, 2008). Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity or trauma and most children are highly resilient because they generally feel safe and protected (Bukatko, 2008). The center feels like a safe place for Tyree, with plenty of safe people to cuddle her. Center A was the more expensive of the two because it has tunnels for crawling and extra play areas.Although this was not a factor for Tyree immediately as she is only 8 weeks old and is unable to crawl at this stage in her development, babies grow quickly and those areas will come in handy soon. Important to Tyree’s development, is the interaction with the many child care teachers that the center employs. The teachers enjoy talking to the babies during feeding times and diaper changes. They also are always available to hold and cuddle the babies and do so often. Tyree is in the first stage of Erickson’s stages of psychosocial development called Trust verses Mistrust (Bukatko, 2008).During this stage, a baby must find consistency and reliability in their caretakers so that they can develop a sense of hope and trust (Bukatko, 2008). This is a very important first stage that lasts for the first year. A failure to establish connections during th is stage could lead to trust and abandonment issues in adulthood. Luckily for Tyree, at this center, that will not be an issue. The center has many brightly colored objects and pictures. Bright colored toys and pictures stimulate a baby’s senses and help their brain’s develop.Cognitive development is imperative and Tyree is in the sensorimotor stage (Bukatko, 2008). She is responding to bright objects around her and soon enough, she will be grasping for those objects. The center also has safe, low shelves. This is important because as Tyree develops and her motor skills advance, she will begin to scoot and then crawl. Safety is extremely important when babies get mobile so it is important for shelves that contain toys Tyree will be interested in to be low and sturdy because during the sensorimotor stage she will have hand and eye coordination to grab whatever she wants (Bukatko, 2008).Tyree also could start using that same shelf to pull herself to stand. Finally, as Ty ree’s motor skills develop further, she will become more visually and physically coordinated (Bukatko, 2008). The sorting and stacking toys will challenge Tyree mentally and help her learn new skills. She will begin to interact with her peers and begin to learn what is socially acceptable as she makes friendships and enters Erickson’s second stage (Bukatko, 2008).Tyree’s Child Care 3 Tyree will then continue on her path of continuous development, reaching milestones, stage after stage. Tyree’s Child Care 4 Bukatko, D. (2008). Child and Adolescent Development. A Chronological Approach. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

Reviewing Company's Mission Statements Research Paper

Reviewing Company's Mission Statements - Research Paper Example It should also be the standard with which the company is willing to be evaluated. According to Bart and Tabone (1998), mission statements should be ‘enduring, passionate, and lacking in specific quantitative measurements’. However, there are circumstances when a company finds its mission statement outdated and is often misaligned with new business objectives. There are times when a company’s mission statement is no longer â€Å"relevant in addressing to new realities† (Radtke, 2009) and thus be a subject for review to â€Å"reflect changes in institutions, as well as in the environments within which the institutions are called on to function† (Bart & Tabone, 1998). This paper examines such instances when companies modify and alter their mission statements in accordance to the changes in corporate values and the business environment. The paper should further explain why corporations are spending time reviewing their mission statement and why this has become an increasing concern for the organization. Mission Statement and Its Impact The main benefit of crafting an effective mission statement is that it creates an impact to people who get exposed to it. According to Abrahams (2007), a well-crafted mission statement serves as a â€Å"practical focus for individuals within the corporation†. This means that company statements often inspire and influence certain needs and aspirations of the organization and its employees. When assimilated into the organization’s culture, mission statements become an integral part of the strategic planning process of the company (David & Pierce III, 1987). In other words, it helps company managers and employees to stay focused on the organization’s goals. However, a mission statement is not only be beneficial to people within the company but also to its target audience – customers, investors, and possibly donors. Birbaum (2004) emphasized the significant impact of a company ’s mission statement to its customers because it is what defines them. When people are presented with an organization’s statement of intent, it gives them a clear picture of what the organization is trying to do. Because of these reasons, mission statements are considered as â€Å"an actual blue print for a company’s future and ultimately, its success† (Abrahams, 2007). When the organization successfully integrates the goals and values expressed in its mission statement and acts according in accordance to its principles, then it secures its morale and strengthens its reputation as a company. On the other hand, when a company succumbs to weaknesses and failures inside and outside the organization, its morale crumbles and its reputation becomes shaky. Mission Statement and Its Limitations An organization’s mission statement is central to its business strategy. As such, it is important that company statements should be, according to Bart and Tabone (1 998), â€Å"enduring (i.e., they should not have a time frame); passionate (i.e., they should be emotionally charged); and lacking in specific quantitative measurements (i.e., financial goals)†. However, Grunig & Kuhn (2008) further extends these characteristics of mission statements into reasons why it should be flexible and dynamic. The authors argued that while a mission statement does not include a time frame for its validity, it should nevertheless remain under review

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 18

Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, Carriveau is also based at the University of Windsor but in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. This research paper highlights the engineering issues associated with the turbine blades that come as a result of exposure to different conditions, namely, the Nordic, warm-humid, and desert-like environments. These conditions have been found to affect the surface of blades negatively. In addition, there is the threat by insects, which destroy the blades thereby power generation by the windmills (aerodynamic efficiency) is substantially reduced. It is apparent from the literature review by the authors that the current strategies that have been used to combat the inefficiency of the blades have caused a substantial reduction in income. Through their studies, the authors conclude that the perfect intervention would be a single surface engineered coat that would ensure that the destruction of the blades is minimized. The suggested coating is that of silicon-epoxy-based resins. This research paper was published on the Surface & Coatings Technology journal in 2008 depicting the resistance to corrosion by electroless nickel phosphorous (ENP) coatings on glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP), the most common material that is used in the construction of turbine blade, this follows the destruction of the blades by harsh weather conditions as well as other destructive substances. Through the research, the role of ENP coatings was elucidated. The research is focused on improving the efficiency of tapping wind energy. To develop a strategy of enhancing the efficiency and durability of the turbine blades, a uniform ENP coating was placed on each of the GFRP substrate through electroless plating. The amount of phosphorous in the ENP was inversely proportional to micro-porosity and directly proportional to thickness of the ENP coatings. It was therefore established that high content

Argument Supporting Work-Life Balance Initiatives Essay

Argument Supporting Work-Life Balance Initiatives - Essay Example Furthermore, many companies now make a block leave mandatory, along with implementing work cut off hours. In addition to that, companies offer volunteer-work leaves in a calendar year which an employee can use to perform his or her philanthropic work. All of these are very attractive to a very wide range of people. So companies that offer these initiatives are able to target more potential employees than companies that don’t. Â  Work life balance is not just about the employee and his benefit. Hall reports that businesses lose an estimated staggering value of $300 billion in a year as a result of over-stressed and unhappy employees (2006). Companies do not want burned out, unhappy employees with little creativity and imagination. In fact, the richer and deeper an employee’s overall life, the more productive and creative he is going to be at work. The personal life and experiences of a person give him this depth and perception. A work life imbalance has a full-circle do minoes effect which starts with the employee and affects his work, his family, the company, the community and the government. These losses are emotional as well as monetary. Â  When drafting the work-life balance plan, managers need to understand that this is not just about giving employees a so-called break, but also utilizing resources in such a way that the goodwill and creativity of the entire team is included in the mix. Clutterback (2003) argues that work life balance is a useful by product of effectively managed teams.... This is manifested through a range of work life balance initiatives that come in many forms and offer something to every age group and gender including work that is part time, telecom-enabled or adjusted working days. Furthermore, many companies now make a block leave mandatory, along with implementing work cut off hours. In addition to that, companies offer volunteer-work leaves in a calendar year which an employee can use to perform his or her philanthropic work. All of these are very attractive to a very wide range of people. So companies that offer these initiatives are able to target more potential employees than companies that don’t. Work life balance is not just about the employee and his benefit. Hall reports that businesses lose an estimated staggering value of $300 billion in a year as a result of over-stressed and unhappy employees (2006). Companies do not want burned out, unhappy employees with little creativity and imagination. In fact, the richer and deeper an em ployee’s overall life, the more productive and creative he is going to be at work. The personal life and experiences of a person give him this depth and perception. A work life imbalance has a full-circle dominoes effect which starts with the employee and affects his work, his family, the company, the community and the government. These losses are emotional as well as monetary. When drafting the work-life balance plan, managers need to understand that this is not just about giving employees a so-called break, but also utilizing resources in such a way that the goodwill and creativity of the entire team is included in the mix. Clutterback (2003) argues that work life balance is a useful by product of effectively

Influence of New Technologies on Visual Arts Essay

Influence of New Technologies on Visual Arts - Essay Example The essay "Influence of New Technologies on Visual Arts" discovers photography and its influence on visual art of 19th century. Realism and impressionism in photography and cinematograph would never have occurred without the invention of photography. Photo-realism also would not exist without photography. The new technology of photography in the 19th century led to a Realism movement. The photographers wanted to capture a true image. They did not care about making art, but in making actual replications of real things. This helped move the technology of photography along. In an effort to capture a more real looking photo, newer cameras and film were developed. This pushed the technology forward into cinematography. The better the camera and film became made making films possible. Photographic impressionists used different techniques to make their photos seem unrealistic. Soft focus was one technique used to make a picture look different. Over exposing film was another technique. Regul ar photography inspired painters. Photography had started to come of age in the middle of the 19th century with accurate depictions of people and places. Artists such as Manet, Monet, Degas, CÃ ©zanne and Pissarro felt the pressure to develop a new style that would not compete with the "accuracy" of photography. These works would never have developed without photography. Impressionism, photography, cinematography, or painting, would not have been the same. Photorealism was also affected by the emerging technology of photography.

High tech building design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

High tech building design - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that hi-tech building design refers to architectural designs and services that involve the use of advanced technology thereby improving the functionality of the final product. In simple terms, it is a particular style of building. In industries, it involves the use of machines to attain quality products. These machines use modern technology like computers, electronics and robots to help companies achieve their goal. Hi-tech building design has risen from modern architecture, incorporating elements of the latest technology in building designs. These include; prominent show of building techniques and functional components, decent alignment and use of sophisticated materials such as metals, glass and futuristic shapes. In the past, building industry has applied technologies that made building designs complicated, these made it difficult for man to design buildings of their needs. Heat regulation systems in these houses were very poor since the ventilations provided were insufficient and could not effectively control internal temperatures. With regards to hi-tech designs, several equipments have been invented to effectively solve the problem of heat in buildings and have also helped solve issues of human thermal complaints both at homes and in offices. Thermal complaint had been declared a major drawback to economic development. People claimed that it was because of thermal problem that they did not perform well in their endeavors and this called for a pragmatic approach towards this nuisance. Fans have been installed in buildings to regulate heat in regions where there have been a lot of heat; heaters have also been installed in the buildings which experienced a lot of cold like the Polar Regions. These products of hi-tech design have rendered redundant, thermal disruptions which are now considered a thing of the past. Representation and function Architects rely entirely on this technology for production of feasible stru ctures. It is also applied in industries, transport, flight, communication and space travel. It aims at eliminating burdensome materials such as; bricks, concrete blocks used in the construction industry and introduce steel which increases the life span of the structures. Glass, which is responsible for the aesthetic aspects, is also embraced by this technology. The introduction of steel and glass was meant to enhance the function of the final product in order to catch up with the technologies of other sectors, which keep on improving each day depending on the core materials used for production in those sectors. Buildings have always lagged behind since the materials used in productions are inflexible and not easily changeable. For instance, concrete has proven to be the most suitable material used in construction, even though it withstands compression, it fears tension and must therefore be reinforced using steel. Originally, hi tech technology was termed as malicious, ill motive i ntended to dislodge employees from their duties. With time though, its good intentions have conspicuously come to light and has quickly been embraced the world over. It has played a major role in employing double the number that was initially engaged in these particular sectors of the economy. Moreover in the building industry,

Accounting Scandals Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Accounting Scandals - Case Study Example Refco became a public company on August 11, 2005 when a large number of shares were floated to the public to raise 583 million dollars. In October, the Company's financial crisis was made public through an announcement that the CEO, Philip R Bennett had concealed as much as 545 million dollars in bed debts from the Company's investors and auditors by keeping them off the account books, in order to artificially inflate earnings and boost up the Company's stock price.(White and O'Hara 2005:D01). This anomaly in the accounts was discovered during a process of internal review which was carried out over the preceding weekend. Refco's stock prices plunged immediately once the announcement was made, resulting in losses of more than $1 billion in shareholder value, with its bonds also plummeting to insolvency levels.(White and O'Hara 2005:D01).The Company reportedly engaged in a series of circular transactions, whereby an unnamed business entity owned by Mr. Bennett was buying off Refco's bad debts at every quarter, so that they did not show up on Refco's books. The unidentified company owned by Mr. Bennett assumed those deb ts of third parties which were likely to be difficult or impossible to collect (Teather, 2005). The Chairman arranged for a Refco subsidiary, Refco Capital Markets to lend money to a hedge fund company named Liberty Corner Capital, which in turn lent the money to Refco Group Holdings, which paid off the debt to Refco Inc.(White and O'Hara 2005:D01). In this way, at the end of every quarter when accounting statements became due, debt was temporarily moved off Refco's books and onto Liberty's account. Such accounting scandals generate fears of a liquidity squeeze and market contagion, highlighting the need for tighter regulation and higher levels of disclosure and transparency in hedge funds (The Herald 2005). Accountants and banks are being sued as a part of the shareholder class action suits against Refco, because the circular pattern of transactions which occurred regularly at the end of every fiscal quarter and then unwound after the quarters ended were themselves a warning alarm bell which should have sounded in the minds of auditors and accountants (White and O'Hara 2005:D01). Goldman Sachs, CSFB and other leading investment banks are being sued for negligence in underwriting and advising on Refco's float issue and on its bond issues, which led to the perpetration of accounting fraud.(Walsh, 2005). Refco Capital Markets is at the centre of the regulatory investigations, because this was the corporate entity through which Bennett was able to receive loan funds, which were hidden from Company auditors and officers. A commodity funds Company is suing Refco for diverting its assets to an insolvent entity like Refco Capital markets, while senior executives at an Australian bank, Bawag, are also being scrutinized for their role in the scandal, because the bank approved a loan of 420 million dollars which was just prior to the accounting manipulation that was taking place.(Fortune, 2006:5) The Polly Peck Scandal: Polly Peck was initially a small clothing company on the London stock exchange which did not demonstrate any remarkable profits, but its fortunes began to change when it came under the management of Asil Nadir, a Turkish businessman, in 1980. Over the next ten years, the Company experienced an unprecedented level of growth. In 1980, it also moved into the fruit packing business through a public share funded acquisition of Uni-Pac, which was a company already owned by Nadir.(Wearing, 2005: 41). The move away from clothing into fruit packing represented a risk for the

Write a report assessing the feasibility of different techniques for Essay - 1

Write a report assessing the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world - Essay Example however in a constant water cycle; vapor evaporates from land, it condenses in the air to form clouds, then it rains, the rainwater flows back to the ocean. With the increase in population and industrial growth, the demand for water is increasing day by day. According to Lenton and Muller (2009), around 780 million people do not have access to safe drinking water currently. They further state that 47% of the world’s population will be facing a serious water crisis by the year 2030 if proper measures are not put in place to conserve water. An arid area is defined as a region that is extremely dry and has little or no vegetation (Walton 2000). The main factors that affect aridity are temperature, evaporation rate and rainfall. Walton (2000) further states most arid areas receive less than 250 mm/10 in rainfall per year. This report will explore the various ways in which water can be made accumulated and made available for human use in arid areas. Information will be gathered from various texts and online sources. The report will also recommend the most appropriate method for water provision. According to Viessman and Welty (1985), desalination is a process in which salt and other minerals are removed from water to make it usable. Most desalination plants employ distillation to clean out the salt and mineral components present in water. In some systems, they use electro dialysis. Use of these water purification methods on large quantities of water is expensive therefore this method is used only as the last resort to provide clean water from saline sources. However, due to the growth in technology, a new method was discovered to filter the water. In this method, sea water is heated and forced through membranes that trap the salt and minerals. This method is more efficient than the other two especially if it is located near a power plant that uses water to cool the generating units (Moltgen & Kabat 2010). Around 97% of water found on earth is saline water. By

My writing skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My writing skills - Essay Example My three essays addressed different audiences, which required me to use different strategies. In my rhetoric essay, I was not precise in my writing. However, I was able to improve on this and my second and third essays were more specific and clear. The different essays have enabled me to improve my vocabulary use and sentence structure. In the different essays, I have had the privilege of addressing different audiences and make use of different writing strategies. This enabled me to realize the effectiveness of different persuasive strategies. In addition, I was able to develop different writing skills distinct to the different audiences. In the Rhetoric essay, I devoted my essay to an academic audience. I focused on analyzing a piece of work by a pronounced author. My rhetoric strategies were considered poor. I could not differentiate the different persuasive styles used in the essay. Moreover, the introduction of the essay was poorly written. Additionally, my thesis was not well st ated. The essay lacked a flow and the ideas were poorly phrased. As I read the essay, I noticed several things that I would change if I had to rewrite the essay again. For example, I did not explain how David Brooks made use of different rhetoric strategies to persuade the audience. My essay just mentioned that Brooks was persuasive without explaining how. However, analyzing David Brooks work was crucial to my writing. I was able to learn the different writing strategies used in persuasive.... The second essay was an argumentative essay. In this essay, it is clear that my writing skills had improved. I was able to state my viewpoint clearly. Additionally, the essay demonstrated excellent debating skills. In this essay, I shared arguments and counterarguments on why companies should start focusing on environmental protection and avoid focusing on economic profits. I ensured that I was open-minded and based my arguments on facts. Although I stated my stand, I ensured that my tone was convincing. For example, I explained the effects of company operations on the environment. I was able to convince the corporate audiences why it is advisable for them to adopt policies that will enable them invest in environment protection. In this essay, I realized that my persuasive strategies had improved. I was able to establish facts and use them to support my arguments. Additionally, I ensured that my arguments were organized in order of their priority, which helped me to build a strong ar gument. Additionally, my conclusions were clear and were based on facts. The third essay focused on why corporation, organizations, and governments should concentrate on cooperation and not competition. The controversy essay enabled me to establish ways of convincing the audience to support my arguments. In this essay, I pinpointed the demerits that arise when organizations adopt competitive strategies. I was able to draw the readers’ attention to the different issues surrounding competition and cooperation. I gave examples of how competition results in elimination of some companies from the market and how this affects the economy. Moreover, I explained how cooperation results into a win-win aftermath resulting in success of both parties. On the other hand, I was

Psychiatric Nursing Essay Example for Free

Psychiatric Nursing Essay The subject is a 52 year old divorce Caucasian female, of Poland origin, and has lived in the United States for over 20 years. She had been a patient at Tewksbury Hospital since July 2011. She reportedly has a long history of bizarre and impulsive behavior, but has had a steady decline since her divorce in 2004. The patient denies history of taking medication or hospitalization for mental illness. There is no history of mental illness in the family. The subjects states, â€Å"My work is very unique. It’s inspirational spiritual work. I work as a self- healer. I do not need to see a physician for any diseases.† She went on saying â€Å"I have experienced terrible aggression. I am a psychologist. I can do many professions which I do not wish to discuss.† The subject lives in a house in the Boston area, where the rooms are rented and they share a common kitchen. She violated a no-harassment order against another residential by coming into the common kitchen, picking up a knife, and startled the alleged victim. She denies SI/HI. She said she had thoughts of â€Å"going to sleep†, but has no plan for SI. She denies trauma, physical abuse, sexual abuse/ rape. She started smoking at the age 12, 20/day. She was admitted to Tewksbury Hospital with a legal status 15, and then later changed to 16c and 8. She was diagnosed with Axis I: Psychosis NOS and Adjustment disorder (unspecified), Axis II: Deferred, Axis III: right shoulder pain, Axis VI: Homeless, limited community support, GAS: 35. Signs and Symptoms Psychosis is a serious psychiatric disorder in where there is a gross disorganization of the personality and marked disturbance in reality, testing and the impairment of interpersonal functioning and relationship to the external world (Townsend 2009). It may cause a person to experience delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified 298.9, is used in diagnosing patient when their symptoms to not meet any of the psychotic disorder. Multiple examples would include: 1) delusions with periods of overlapping ME, 2) post-partum psychosis, 3) psychotic disorders with less than one month duration with no remission, 4) psychotic disorders with unknown etiology, 5) persistent auditory hallucination. Adjustment Disorder is a psychological response to an identifiable stressor or stressors that results in the development of clinically significant emotional or behavioral symptoms. The symptoms must develop within three months after the onset of the stressor(s). Unspecified Adjustment Disorder may be used as a diagnosis if the patient cannot be classified into a specific subtype of Adjustment Disorder. The patients have maladaptive reactions to stressors, and they may include: physical complaints, social withdrawal, or work or academic inhibition.

Different Between Comprehensive Assessment And Risk Assessment Nursing Essay

Different Between Comprehensive Assessment And Risk Assessment Nursing Essay Assessment helps care planning professionals in examining their clients life in much detail so that correct diagnosis, suitable treatment post, problem lists, and treatment goals can be developed (Health in All Policies, 2010). Generally, a clinical assessment identifies client or patients recent experiences and their physical, psychological, and socio-cultural history to settle on exact treatment needs (Smith Capon, 2011). Assessment can be done in different ways but the most two types of assessment used on the basis of underlying differences are as follows: Comprehensive Assessment: Comprehensive assessment is a type of clinical assessment that enables the health professional or treatment provider with the determination of clients most suitable treatment placement and treatment plan. Comprehensive assessment could be defined as a multidisciplinary investigative and treatment procedure that distinguishes medical, psychosocial, and functional restrictions of an unhealthy person with an aim to formulate a corresponding plan to maximize on the whole health with aging. Usually comprehensive assessment is used for the health care of an older adult as it is far more than the traditional medical management of illness. Providing care to old people need evaluation of number of issues such as physical, affective, social, cognitive, financial, environmental, and spiritual aspects that could be identified effectively with comprehensive assessment (Mazza Harris, 2010). Comprehensive assessment relies on the premise that a methodical evaluation of older individuals by a team of health professionals helps in discovering a number of treatable health issues and direct towards effective health outcomes. Comprehensive assessment is generally initiated with a referral by the primary care clinician or from some professional clinician working in hospital. Every patient could not be referred for comprehensive assessment as there are specific evidences to identify appropriate patients for comprehensive assessment. Although there are no set criteria to refer patients for comprehensive assessment, but some specific points or criteria used in this concern are: Age Medical comorbidities like heart failure or cancer Psychosocial disorders like depression or isolation Specific geriatric conditions like dementia, falls, or functional disability Earlier or anticipated high health care utilization (Wanberg Milkman, 2009). Change in living situation One outpatient approach for referring patients for comprehensive assessment is to refer patients who have problems in various areas, whereas an inpatient approach to refer would be to refer patients for CGA who are found to have problems in multiple areas during geriatric assessment screens. An inpatient approach used to refer patients for comprehensive assessment is to refer patients admitted in hospital or clinical care institute for a specific medical or surgical reason (Phillips, McKeown Sandford, 2009). Comprehensive assessment helps clinical care professionals in providing care with the help of six steps that are data collection, team discussion, development of a treatment plan, execution of the treatment plan, monitoring response to the determined treatment plan, and revising the treatment plan. A comprehensive assessment is undertaken with the help of qualified and trained clinicians that in turn assist the treatment provider to determine the most effective treatment placement and treatment plan (Wanberg Milkman, 2009). Risk Assessment: In contrast to comprehensive assessment, risk assessment refers to making decisions on the basis of acquaintance of research evidence, familiarity of the individual service user and their social background, knowledge of the service users own experience, and clinical judgement. In risk assessment, the clinician must collect information from two main information sources to direct clinical decisions (OConnell, Ostaszkiewicz Hawkins, 2011). Understanding of statistical factors in regard to the increased risk is needed, along with clinical and contextual information specific to patient or clinical service users present situation. Evidence of known risk factors can be attempted from the clinical data as well as from the patients demographic information (Mazza Harris, 2010). Demographic information like age, gender or past behaviour may be related to increased risk. Although, all these factors are static, so risk may not be decreased through the modifications in these factors. Dynamic factors on the other hand can be modified like factors related to patients mental state or socio-economic conditions etc (Phillips, McKeown Sandford, 2009). Information collected from dynamic factors is more effective to inform care planning. Therefore, in risk assessment information specific to the patient and his/her contextual information need to be incorporated. The concentration of risk assessment is to guide and support positive approaches to risk management whereas in comprehensive assessment focus is on the development of treatment placement and treatment plan. Risk assessment and its management in clinical care is a step-wise procedure that includes following steps; social and environmental context, defining the risks, distinguish who is at risk, information collection, evaluation of risks, determining which risks factors need to be modified, resource significances, communication, care planning, and review. Continence Assessment A continence assessment is executed by healthcare professionals with an aim to assess an individual ability to control bladder or bowel function and to agree on factors that may be imparting to incontinence. For continence management, it is vital to take continence assessment and it is undertaken in two parts: an interview and a physical assessment. As well, patient may also need to fill a bladder diary before his/her assessment (Chiarelli, 2011). A bladder diary refers to a diary of evidences and what patient was doing at the time evidences took place. A bladder diary serve health professionals with significant clues in regard to the type of incontinence an individual is facing and what are the activities that may be contributing to incontinence. In the interview portion of the continence assessment, patient could be asked with a series of questions such as prior medical history, medication being taken, overall health, weight, smoking history, history of prostate issues (for men), pregnancy/childbirth history (for women), diabetic, problem with frequent constipation etc. In the physical assessment portion a urinalysis is done to check for kidney or bladder problems, such as infection (Ferrell Coyle, 2010). At the same time, if needed healthcare professional (generally a nurse continence expert or a doctor) may also carry out a physical exam, together with a vaginal exam for women and a rectal exam for men. It is done to evaluate the strength of patients pelvic floor muscles (Phillips, McKeown Sandford, 2009). Physical assessment makes it easier for healthcare professionals to identify a physical problem due to which incontinence is occurring. A continence assessment is significant to identify the reason of incontinence, and recommend patients in regard to managing incontinence (Chiarelli, 2011). A continence assessment significantly contributes in a comprehensive health assessment and this could be understood with an example of an old person comprehensive health assessment. Today, old patients have multiple problems like diabetes mellitus, chronic chest conditions etc. For dealing with all these health issues of older people, it is vital to undertake comprehensive health assessment that if also includes a continence assessment would benefit a lot to identify the actual causes of all problems in old aged patients (Miller, 2011). Diabetes mellitus can result in number of bladder problems, including polyuria, urinary retention and urinary tract infection, so at the time of comprehensive health assessment is a continence assessment is also done it becomes easy to control the health problems and its affects at earlier stage (Chiarelli, 2011). A continence assessment assist health care professional a lot in their comprehensive health assessment as without identifying bladder functioning it is not possible to arrive at suitable treatment plan (Ferrell Coyle, 2010). Abnormal Findings and Actions to deal with it: The prevalence of urinary incontinence heightens with age, so the diagnosis of it on time is essential for women. As the population of US ages, quality care professionals confront increasing number of inconsistence (Massoud, Mahshid Behrouz, 2011). At the time of performing continence assessment one might expect these three abnormal findings: Stress Incontinence: It refers to the spontaneous loss of urine throughout an increase of intra-abdominal pressure brought about from activities like coughing, smiling or exercising. The underlying abnormality is generally urethral hyper mobility due to the breakdown of the normal anatomic accompaniments of the urethrovesical junction. Being a planning care professional one can deal with this abnormality with the diagnosis along with various tests to assess the severity of leakage as well as undertaking specialized tests such as urodynamics and cystourethroscopy (Continence Assessment, 2010). Detrusor instability or Detrusor hyperreflexia: These abnormalities are all due to overactive bladder. For dealing with this abnormality, a planning care professional may undertake several simple or complex urodynamic studies to arrive at the definitive diagnosis of Detrusor instability or Detrusor hyperreflexia. As well, some patients may also be treated without experiencing invasive testing. Behavioural therapy could also be used as bladder retraining and biofeedback that tries to re-establish cortical control of the bladder by appropriating the sufferer ignore exigency and void only in retort to cortical signals in waking hours (Ferrell Coyle, 2010). Ectopic ureters and diverticulae: Another abnormality that is expected to come up at the tiem of performing continence assessment is ectopic ureters and diverticulae. For dealing with this type of abnormality, a completed history is obtained and a physical examination is performed to initiate treatment. Treatment of women with urinary incontinence secondary to a urinary or gynecologic deformity or lack of continuity usually calls for surgery by an urogynecologist or an urologist (Continence Assessment, 2010).

Construction Issues and Reflective Assignment

Construction Issues and Reflective Assignment Introduction This report evaluates and analyses 4 issues which arose from a construction project and solutions have been recommended. A reflective essay is included to provide an amicable solution to the issue. Background Information Smart Developments are a commercial development company based in Leeds with goals to provide new sustainable buildings in Leeds. The first development is a  £10,000,000.00 project to build new accommodation, retail, sports and leisure facilities. Modern Contractors are a respected and hard-working medium sized contracting organisation operating in Leeds and throughout the region. Modern Contractors had signed an 18month contract with Smart Developments to complete the building works, based on JCT Standard Building Contract with Quantities 2011. The following issues have arisen: 1. On the date that Modern Contractors were due to start the project the main entrance to the site (as stated in the Bills of Quantities) is blocked by materials left by the Client. These materials are not removed from site for 1 week. 2. During the removal of the cellar a gas main was found and British Gas was called to relocate the main which took 16 working days. Some works could continue but the repositioning of the gas main caused a delay to the progress of the main groundworks. 3. Then, during the excavation of the substructure works ancient roman coins are found. This leads to a further delay of 1 month to allow for archaeological investigation work. 4. Monthly payments are agreed in the contract particulars and these should be in Modern Contractors account by the 15th of each month. In August and six months into the contract period payment was not paid until 5th September. When Modern Contractors complained to the employer they said â€Å"that’s the trouble with banks these days – you just can’t rely on them† and Modern Contractors â€Å"should know better than to complain about the situation as this is standard industry practice†. As Modern Contractors have some issues with cash flow they are proposing an additional clause in their contracts with their sub-contractors that will provide for them to pay the sub-contractors only when they have been paid. Issue 1 On the date that Modern Contractors were due to start the project the main entrance to the site (as stated in the Bills of Quantities) is blocked by materials left by the Client. These materials are not removed from site for 1 week. Before going deep into the roots of the contract, it is important to note that all site works are under responsibility of Smart Developments. What does the contract say? In the case ofFreeman v Hensler (1900)where it was held that it is an employer’s duty (of co-operation) to give the contractor possession of the site within reasonable time to enable him to carry out and complete the work on the completion date. According to JCT 11 SBC/Q, the employer has to co-operate fully with the contractor so that the site is handed over within reasonable time, and the contractor will be able to perform the works as per schedule. If the employer fails to do so, it is possible for the employer to defer giving possession of the site for a period not exceeding six weeks calculated from the relevant Date of Possession stated in the contract. (Clause 2.5) Such clause prevent the employer from being in breach of contract and liable to damages, but the contractor will have alternative remedies which are listed in clause 2.29.3 (extensions of time) and clause 4.24 (loss and expense). The fact that materials were blocking the main entrance can be taken positively. The contractors could have notified Smart Development who would have organized for an alternative entrance or simply moved the materials somewhere else. It can be argued that one week’s time loss is not substantial and will not hinder the project or cause the project to continue beyond completion date. Assuming buffers/float were added for activities, Smart Developments can argue that the whole project duration can accommodate the loss of time (1 week) and they negotiate with the contractors to start the project after one week and still finish the project on time. Recommendation In the event that the contractors do not agree and decide to go forward with a claim of extension of time or loss and expense, it is advisable for Smart Developments to allow for reasonable extension of time. Though the process isn’t simple, the contractors need to notify the employer that they will be delayed in starting their work. The Contract Administrator need to do the follow up and find out if this event is a Relevant Event or not. This process may take another week. (Note: Deferment of Possession is a relevant event under clause 2.29.3 / 2.5) Concerning loss and expense claim, it is advisable for Smart Developments to verify the claim amount to know if there has been any mobilisation cost or machinery transferred to site or any valid claim, before proceeding to any payments. Issue 2: During the removal of the cellar a gas main was found and British Gas was called to relocate the main which took 16 working days. Some works could continue but the repositioning of the gas main caused a delay to the progress of the main ground works. What does the contract say? There is a mechanism in the contracts to deal with delays. Usually foreseen or unforeseen events which appear during progress of work have to be dealt with by a protocol. JCT 11 dictates that the Contractor has to inform the Contract Administrator or the Architect in writing when cases arise where they deem to have been delayed significantly. And to stipulate the number of days they think the delay will cause them prejudice/prevent the contractors to continue their job. It can be noted that an extension of time granted for a cause of delay which may seem to have financial implications does not necessarily mean that there will be additional payments. The design team of Smart Developments should have carried out proper site surveys prior any designing and notify the Contract Administrator of possible works concerning gas pipes. It is inevitable for British Gas to be present and complete the repositioning of gas’ main. JCT 11 SBC/Q defines that statutory undertaker such as British Gas (being responsible for gas supply and regulated by law) should carry out their work diligently. Recommendation At this point, it is advisable for Smart Developments to fix the completion date and allow for extension of time for the contractors to complete the work in progress, based on clause 2.27, 2.28 and 2.29 To prevent any further problems concerning loss expenses, Smart Developments can review the rate at which Liquidated Damages are governed and reduce at its free will. Under clause 2.30, once a certificate has been issued, deductions can start after the first payment but Smart Development can bargain with the Contractors for a review of the rate and withhold deductions until practical completion has been reached. If both parties agree, only extension of time will be granted because of the delay caused by British Gas. Issue 3: Then, during the excavation of the substructure works ancient roman coins are found. This leads to a further delay of 1 month to allow for archaeological investigation work. What does the contract say? According to JCT 11 SBC/Q, the clause 2.29.4 acknowledge that compliance with clause 3.22.1 (Antiquities) or Architect’s/Contract Administrator instruction under clause 3.22.2 is a valid Relevant Event. Recommendation Valid Relevant Events are entitled to Extension of Time; Therefore Smart Developments should fix the completion time and allow an extension of time. The contractor can claim for Loss Expenses since excavation was being carried out and it had to stop to allow for investigation. Since 1 month of delay is fairly considerable lapse of time, Smart Developments should allow the contractor to claim for its Loss Expenses, Smart Developments can only compute a reasonable amount of loss incurred. The other side of the coin is that if there is part performance only, then Smart Developments can only pay for the work that has been carried out. Since the contract has not been fully honored, both parties can wait and accept the delay in project. And resume work after the coins’ investigation has been completed. Smart Developments will forfeit the right to claim for Liquidated Damages if the contract completion date is fixed again. Issue 4: Monthly payments are agreed in the contract particulars and these should be in Modern Contractors account by the 15th of each month. In August and six months into the contract period payment was not paid until 5th September. When Modern Contractors complained to the employer they said â€Å"that’s the trouble with banks these days – you just can’t rely on them† and Modern Contractors â€Å"should know better than to complain about the situation as this is standard industry practice†. As Modern Contractors have some issues with cash flow they are proposing an additional clause in their contracts with their sub-contractors that will provide for them to pay the sub-contractors only when they have been paid. What does the contract say? The dates provided in the contract particulars are to be used to distinguish if there has been a breach of contract for delayed payment or not. According to JCT 11 SBC/Q clause 4.12.1 the final date of an interim payment is 14 days from the due date. Therefore money due in August should have been lodged in the contractors account by latest 29th of August. Since payment was received on 5th of September this amounts to a breach of the contract. The contractor has the right to suspend any work as a result of the breach of contract or to terminate his employment under clause 4.16.7 / 4.14.1 Recommendation It is advisable for Smart Developments to pay the contractor simple interest on the amount due from 29th August till 5th of September as per clause 4.12.6 and to make sure that all payments are done within the time frame. The fact that Modern Contractors are altering their contract with the sub-contractors doesn’t not affect Smart Developments because of privity of contract, though Modern Contractors have to notify the employer of the sub-contractors they will be employing as per CDM Regulations stated in clause 3.23.3 Reflective Essay Modern Contractors could have moved the materials on site themselves or notify Smart Developments of the problem that the main entrance is blocked by materials, and expect the Employer to clear the entrance. Concerning the 1st issue: Though the delay is only one week, the employer cannot use any available float to absorb this type of delay. Modern Contractors should apply for extension of time for this delay and make sure that extra time is allowed for the float as well. Concerning the 2nd issue, British Gas has to complete their work as per law, Modern contractors being hindered in doing their job can claim for extension of time. Though Modern Contractors have been trying to complete other works in sections, this delay can be reflected in the overall project hand-over time. Therefore Modern Contractors have to apply for extension of time and moreover claim for Loss Expense as it is accrued for 16 days of not performing actual work towards achievement of project. Concerning the 3rd issue, since the event could not be foreseen by any parties, Modern Contractors are entitled to extension of time and have the right to claim for Loss Expense. The cost would include plant provided on site for excavation, labour, lorries waiting for excavation etc. Concerning the 4th issue: Modern Contractors have the right to suspend any performance until payment has been effected. It is possible to terminate the contract as well because of the breach caused by Smart Developments in delaying payment. By adding extra clauses to the contract, Modern Contractors cannot forego their duties to pay their Sub-Contractors. The payment has to be processed by Modern Contractors no matter what is the outcome with Smart Developments. An amicable solution for problems is direct negotiations between Modern Contractors and Smart Developments. For Issue 1: Either parties could have cleared the materials and go forward with the project. As 1 week is not considerable time and both parties can absorb this delay within float For Issue 2: The design team should have known that there are live gas lines within the cellar, therefore British Gas would have been called during the first week to relocate the pipes. Modern Contractors would have been given possession of site 2 weeks after British Gas had fix the lines. For Issue 3: The best option would be to pay Modern Contractors a minimum rate for the delay caused. That rate would cover for plant hire and labour for example, there would not be any profit for Modern Contractors. Or allow Modern Contractors to carry alternative works on other site until Smart Developments are ready to accommodate them again. For Issue 4: Smart Developments can negotiate to allow for some extra time before payment can be released to Modern Contractors and waive retention money for part of works carried out.

The Internet Essay -- Computers Technology Papers

The Internet Many years ago, I use to think that people who chatted online were losers. Actually, many of my friends have said that too. We laughed and joked about the computer geeks and online chatters, and I even remember hearing myself say that I would never become a computer geek. Now, eight years later, I can't help to laugh at myself because I became the one person that I didn't want to become and that was a computer geek. But as I think about it, it is not so bad because when I look around me everything is becoming technological, and with learning more and more about the computer daily is just helping me keep up with the up rise in technology. I admire those who I called computer geeks back then and I am proud to say that I have been an America Online user for six years now. America Online is a place where people from all around the country, even some foreign countries, can come together and chat about certain topics or to just socialize in places called chat rooms. There are well over a thousand of these chat rooms on America Online, each one pertaining to someone's interest. And if not, they can always make their own public chat room. When I first started using America Online, I became addicted to talking to people around the country because it was just fascinating to me. I use to be this really shy kid around school and I wouldn't talk much unless I had something important to say and if not, I would just walk around with my friends and just listen to what they have to say to other people and so on. In these chat rooms, I was anything I wanted to be. No one could see me and therefore no one could judge me based on my looks and appearance, but only by how the conversation was going. I like using America Online. ... ...better sites that I have viewed. At the get go, it tells you all about what the site is, and on the left hand side there is a list of directives that will guide you through the site. This group has been around since 1993 and it seems to be going strong still. When you sign up with them, they offer to put you with new group members and from there, you and your group will come up with a story line or adventure. The other alternative is that you can join and existing adventure and go from there. This site also offers many links to other RPG sites, so that could come in handy if you ever become bored of this site. All cost are free to, so you can sign up with them and just check out what goes on. The only requirement is that you must be able to send and receive email. I would say that this site would be a more ideal starting point than the other Web sites listed above.

Osteoporosis :: essays research papers

Bone Case Study 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A bone mineral density (BMD) test measures the amount of mineral concentration in a specific region of the bones in order to determine a persons bone strength or density and their risk for fractures. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The physician uses the BMD test in conjunction with a patient’s history to determine the patient’s risk of Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterized by thinning, weak bones. Bone loss is actually a normal event in the human body. We loose bone when cells (osteoclasts) release stored salts (calcium, phosphorous, magnesium) from the bone into the blood stream when dietary intake is not providing adequate amounts. Typically (at least until age 30) we have other cells (osteoblasts) that come in and repair, repair and build lost bone. Osteoporosis occurs when the osteoclasts are working faster than the osteoblasts. Eventually the osteoblasts fall further and further behind leaving thin and brittle bones. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Results for the BMD test are given as T-scores and Z-scores. The T-score compares the results with a healthy young adult of the same gender and the Z- score compares it with an individual of the same age and gender. A positive or normal result of the BMD would be 1 standard deviation (+1/-1) of the T-score mean. A result of 2.5 or greater below the mean is considered to be osteoporosis. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osteoporosis is the diagnosis for a person whose score falls 2.5 standard deviations below the mean. If her history reports findings of bone fractures that are osteoporosis related, her diagnosis may be that of severe osteoporosis. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When diagnosing a patient the most critical information will come from the patient’s history (familial and personal). This information allows a caregiver to assign specific risk factors associated with certain diseases which help determine a person’s chance of developing a disease as well as measures that can help prevent further progression. It was important for the doctor to know if Janice ‘s diet included adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D. Both play key roles in bone density, calcium is needed to maintain bone strength and vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption into the blood stream and reabsorbing in the kidneys. Hormone replacement therapy plays a role in the prevention of osteoporosis because it restores estrogen levels and helps to slow the bone thinning process (HRT and its osteoporotic benefits can be offset by possibly increasing risk for other serious diseases).

Cultural Diversity In Schools :: Education Culture Socioeconomic Status Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since early American history, schools, like society, have addressed cultural diversity in different ways. In the colonial days, some attempts to adjust to cultural differences were made in the New York colony, but the dominant American culture was the norm in the general public, as well as most of the schools. As America approached the nineteenth century, the need for a common culture was the basis for the educational forum. Formal public school instruction in cultural diversity was rare, and appreciation or celebration of minority or ethnic culture essentially was nonexistent in most schools. In the 1930's, the educators were in the progressive education movement, called for programs of cultural diversity that encouraged ethnic and minority students to study their heritage. This movement became popular in many schools until around 1950. Now, these days in education, the term multicultural education never escapes a teacher's thoughts (Ryan, 26).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What does the term "multicultural education" mean to you? It means different things to different people. For instance, to some minority communities, it means to foster pride and self-esteem among minority students, like the progressive movement in the 1930's. Another example would be in the white communitites, that multicultural programs are designed to cultivate an appreciation of various cultural, racial, and ethnic traditions. Cortes defines multicultural education by the process by which schools help prepare young people to live with greater understanding, cooperation, effectiveness, and dedication to equality in a multicultural nation and inerdependent world (Cortes, 16).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I observed at Madison Elementary in December, I expected the school would be multicultural in the sense of ethnic or racial backgrounds. Instead, I was very surprised to discover that the school was predominately white students, with only a handful of African American students in each classroom. I did find out that the Wheeling Island area was in very low status pertaining to income. Not only did over half of the students receive free or reduced lunch, but the students academic skills were below the national norm. I never realized what an effect of economic status can affect a student's academic progress. Of course there are out lying factors, the parent involvement was at a minimum because most families consisted of only one care taker. To make ends meet the single parent had to spend most of his/her time working for money to buy clothes, food, and to keep their children healthy. Madison Elementary had made great strides to improve their efforts to better the students academic progress. The school had instilled different programs like A-Team, Pre-K classes, Reading Recovery, various health services, outreach to families, and many more to ensure

Comparative Essay for Poetry Unit Essay

Cultural conflict is when a new set of beliefs and habits overtakes and conceals the old set, deteriorating the sacred cultural connections established at birth. Sujatas â€Å"Search for My Tongue† and John Agards â€Å"Half-Caste† are both excellent examples of cultural conflict. In the both cases, the authors are attempting to depict the hardships involved with a clash of culture. In Search for My Tongue, Sujata Bhatt finds conflict between two languages: what would you do/if you had two tongues in your mouth (3-4). In Half-Caste, Agard protests the racial discrimination towards the Guyanese interior hidden by the British exterior. Both poets express these cultural conflicts with the use of perspective, cultural context, literary devices, imagery and variations to syntax. The similarities in these poems show that cultural conflict is abundant and ubiquitous, whereas the differences provide uniqueness amongst the cultural conflicts. In Search for My Tongue, Bhatts poem encompasses the conflict between mother tongue and the foreign tongue. These very physical objects replace her native language of Guajarati and foreign language of English. The use of this metaphorical analogy is widespread, such as in the French language, where the word langue means both tongue and language. According to Bhatt, if you had to/speak a foreign tongue,/your mother tongue would rot (10-12). The conflict between languages continues in the subconscious world, where the mother tongue always returns and blossoms out of my mouth (38). Similarly Half-Caste is also a conflict of cultures, specifically race. John Agard is a mixed race of black and white light an shadow (13). His life in Britain has allegedly suppressed his black, unwanted side. This protest poem is the black side attempting to be freed just as how Bhatts mother tongue wants to grow(s) back (31). Agard often describes himself as half a person, standing on one leg (2), Half-a-eye (41), half-a-dream (43), half-a-shadow, (46). Bhatt searches for her two tongue but only finds one. Contrastingly, Half-caste is a poem of external conflict between Agard and the disapproving English society, whereas Search For My Tongue is about self-discovery and internal conflict. In Search for My Tongue, lines between 1 and 14 are all in the 2nd person, which connects the poem to the reader.  It is more dramatic and heartfelt than a narrative. Bhatts internal conflicts are voiced out to the world, searching for an answer to the question I ask you, what would you do (3). Half-caste uses the exact same strategy in order to achieve a different goal. The 2nd person narrative is installed between lines 4 and 37. He uses phrases like Explain yuself/wha yu mean (4-5), which directly targets the discriminating British (you need proof of that from his poem) yo put the on metaphor with the sun dont pass in England society, it fits really well here . External conflicts between Agard and the society are immediately voiced. Both poems employ the perspective of the it is not 2nd person , JUDD told me that on Search for my tongue isto connect with the reader, but one does it to apply the internal conflicts to the outside world whereas the other does it to be heard. Bhatt brings out her internal conflicts so that she can connect with the reader. In Search for My Tongue, many literary devices are used to bring out these internal conflicts. Her metaphorical tongues actually symbolize languages. She often changes between the ambiguous meanings. For example, she states that if you had two tongues in your mouth,/and lost the first one, the mother tongue, (4-5). Bhatt is giving supernatural qualities to the physical tongue. In an another example, she states that your mother tongue would rot,/rot and die in your mouth (12-13). In this case, Bhatt is creating personifications by giving lifelike, natural properties to a language. This shows how Bhatt is switching between the multiple meanings. In Half-Caste, Agard also draws on multiple examples. Contrastingly, he uses allusions or references to external literary works. The two apparent allusions are Picasso and Tchaikovsky. Put the lines Both of these artists use contrasts to create a greater piece of work. According to Agard, a mixed person is a living example of beauty derived from two contrasting cultures. Although the meaning of these allusions is not ambiguous, they are often sarcastic and direct. The differences in the use of literary devices have to do with the fact that Bhatt is unclear about her cultural conflict, whereas Agard understands his cultural conflict. Both poets use the literary device of repetition to express cultural conflict. For example, in â€Å"Search for My Tongue,† the words tongue and mouth are very abundant. The word â€Å"tongue† ends lines 2, 5, 7, 11 and 37. The word â€Å"mouth† ends lines 4, 13, 34 and 38. Not only does the repetition bring the poem together, it strengthens the message Bhatt is trying to send. It resembles a distress signal from a person with dire need. Similarly, John Agard repeats the phrase â€Å"Explain yuself† in lines 4, 10, 23 and 31. This reminds the reader of the aggressive tone in this rebellious poem, and ties the poem together. Every time a new idea is brought up, â€Å"Explain yuself† is the introductory line. Another way the poets attempt to describe cultural conflict is by the use of imagery. At the end of the poem, Sujata Bhatt writes â€Å"It grows back, a stump of a shoot† (31). This is a metaphor, comparing the mother language to a growing bamboo. The metaphor adds to the clear imagery. Continuing,Grows longer, grows moist, grows strong veins,It ties the other tongue in knots,The bud opens, the bud opens in my mouth,It pushes the other tongue aside. (32-35)These lines paint a very explicit picture in the reader’s mind, helping the poet come across with the meaning. Similarly, John Agard also appeals to the many senses. The â€Å"red an green† (8) on the â€Å"canvas† (9) feed on the human sense of sight. The â€Å"black key† (28) and â€Å"white key† (29) in the â€Å"symphony† (30) by â€Å"Tchaikovsky† (26) affect the human sense of hearing. Together, it allows the reader to fully experience the idea of â€Å"Half-Caste.†Finally, both poets use a strange form of syntax. In â€Å"Search for My Tongue,† Bhatt adds a full section of Gujarati. This symbolizes the rebirth of the mother tongue within Bhatt’s subconscious mind. In addition, between lines 31 and 35, there are no periods, replaced by commas. This section holds the imagery explained above, and periods would add unnecessary breaks. Similarly, â€Å"Half-Caste† has no punctuations. Together with the differing dialect, it shows the poet opposing his surroundings. This is a form of  protest, since Agard is not following the general rules of writing set by his racist opponents. Therefore, both poets express cultural conflict with variations to syntax. When reading Search for My Tongue, a monolingual person would not be able to fully comprehend Bhatt’s cultural conflict, except when it is described physically. By allowing the reader to picture two tongues in their mouth, Bhatt’s internal conflicts are expressed externally, allowing her to share her pain with the world. However, someone who is bilingual may have already experienced similar cultural conflicts. Therefore, this bilingual reader will understand â€Å"Search for My Tongue† much better than a regular monolingual reader. Similarly, â€Å"Half-Caste,† is also geared towards two different types of people. A person who isn’t mixed will not be able to comprehend this poem as well as someone who is mixed. In addition, Half-Caste protests against discriminative English people. In a less discriminative culture such as Canada where the use of racial slurs like half-caste is scarce, it is much harder to comprehend Agards cultural conflicts. Therefore, both Half-caste and Search for my Tongue are both good examples of how cultural context impacts how the poem is perceived. In conclusion, both poems are affected by cultural context, which dictates the effect on the reader. For example, as previously stated, a bilingual person will be able to comprehend Search for My Tongue better than a monolingual person. However, Sujata Bhatt needs to ensure that the monolingual demographic will still be able to extract the full meaning. Both Bhatt and Agard achieve this by employing very similar methods. The narrative, metaphors and personifications, vivid imagery and variations to syntax all contribute to expressing cultural conflict. Although the two poems have many commonalities, they are based on different subject matter. Search for My Tongue is about Bhatts internal conflict with herself, whereas Half-Caste is about Agards external conflict against his society. These conflicts differ, but are all linked to culture the overriding link between these entwining poems.