From the Puritans to Ben Franklin free essay sample

This paper compares Ben Franklins attitude to American identity to that of the Puritans. This paper analyzes the early American settlers in regard to their identity. It compares the attitude of Ben Franklin and the Puritans. It surveys the history of the pre-Revolutionary Puritans and what lead to the search of their identity. It shows how Franklin was a figure who addressed all these issues and was one of the first to document them. From the paper: From Puritan writings onward, and throughout all American literature, a dominant concern has been the question of identity, and/or the search for identity. Puritans, for example, sought to retain their identity and so found themselves having to escape to a ?New World? in order to preserve their convictions about God. In the end, Puritans came to view themselves as a ?chosen people? (?Introduction? 2). Benjamin Franklin, on the other hand, as one of the authors of the ?Declaration of Independence? (amongst other important revolutionary documents), helped construct a later version of the American identity as both independent and self-determining. We will write a custom essay sample on From the Puritans to Ben Franklin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And as he further advanced the question of identity in American letters, he helped bring to the table related notions of the ?American dream? and personal virtue. In so doing, Franklin?s vision of America was forged in ways much different than the more communal vision of his Puritan ancestors.

The selfish gene theory Essay Example

The selfish gene theory Essay Example The selfish gene theory Paper The selfish gene theory Paper Therefore, if people acted purely in their self-interest as relayed in the often misunderstood purest form of the selfish gene theory, this person would not contribute to the common account in the first place and would reap the rewards of everyone else’s contribution. Contributions to the common fund started at approximately 50% of the total points of each player but this decreased over the course of the game as some people put less in the common account. Justifications for the decline in cooperation were that the only way to punish people who were not contributing to the common account was to decline to contribute to that account also. It begs the question as to how sustainable cooperative and social behaviours are without a significant deterrent to behaving selfishly. When this game was conducted with opportunity to heavily punish non contributors by using their own points to deduct from those of the non-contributing players this was consistently selected. This pattern of behaviour meant that cooperation no longer decreased over the rounds so cooperative behaviour was maintained by reward and punishment as it often is in society. More recent neurobiological evidence supports the notion that even this seemingly altruistic behaviour by the actor is selfish at a genetic level, De Quervain et al (2004) found that when a person punishes another for non-cooperative behaviour the dorsal striatum is stimulated and as this is the circuitry involved in reward-related activity there is a direct fitness benefit being bestowed by this behaviour to the actor. Additionally, there are indirect benefits for the group to which the actor belongs as this behaviour increases their survival chances and productivity. Therefore the overall fitness benefits to the person’s genes through the ultimate maintenance of the group and societal norms which help to preserve that group outweighs the personal sacrifices made to maintain this system of cooperative and social fairness which has fitness benefits for those who engage in it (Hamilton, 1964, 1975). If selfish behaviour increases a persons’ overall fitness then it would seem obvious that genes which promote selfishness should increase their presence in the gene pool and that altruistic genes would therefore be outbred. This would mean that Dawkins (1976) explanation for cooperative and social behaviour would be fundamentally flawed. However, game theory has shown how important the combination of those who behave selfishly and those who behave in a seemingly altruistic way is to the evolution of the genes that promote these behaviours. A game called ‘prisoners dilemma’ demonstrates that when two people behave altruistically they increase the overall fitness of both parties and hence the gene that promotes this behaviour is likely to survive and be replicated. When both parties behave selfishly both decrease their overall fitness which makes the gene responsible less likely to survive and be replicated and when one partner behaves selfishly it is their own fitness that will increase but if there is discrimination from those who have the altruistic genes in their willingness to interact with those carrying the selfish gene then this explains why the population is not overcome by those carrying the selfish gene. Dawkins purports that consciousness has evolved to be able to override the influence of the genes and that the more executive decisions are made at the helm of this consciousness. It is the relationship between the genes and consciousness that determine how a person will behave and the influence of the environment and its culture shapes consciousness more than genes do. Dawkins acknowledged a meme as a unit of culture that can be passed from person to person at a much faster rate than genes would be and therefore memes create rules for cooperative and social behaviour and these rules help to maintain systems of cooperation by punishing those who do not engage fairly in social interactions. Therefore where behaviours cannot be explained by genes they are explained by memes and Cartesian-dualism. Because ultimately genes are primarily concerned with their own replication, they influence people to behave in ways that are most likely to meet this need; altruistic and cooperative behaviour has evolved as a consequence of its success at replicating itself and therefore cooperative and social behaviour is explained by the SGT as having evolved at the level of the genes through selfish means. Cooperative and social behaviour at the level of the organism is therefore only a mechanism to ensure that the needs of the genes are being met. The survival of the fittest is therefore not a competition for resources and advantageous selfish behaviour but it is an enhanced chance of survival and reproduction bestowed on those who behave in efficient ways such as through cooperative and social behaviours (Margulis Lovelock, 1974) Conclusively, Dawkins SGT appears to be able to offer adequate explanations for cooperative and social behaviours that enhance the fitness of the actor and those who share the same genes. If the fitness is not directly or indirectly enhanced with an immediate effect then this can be explained as having a lifetime fitness benefit by this same theory but it is worth noting that measuring lifetime fitness benefits is difficult to do which limits this explanation. The weaker the genetic connection between the actor and the recipient the weaker the theory becomes when offering explanations for cooperative and social behaviours, especially as the behaviour of the actor becomes increasingly altruistic. Therefore from the perspective of the SGT even apparently cooperative and social behaviour at the level of the organism is always one of selfish motivation at the level of the genes; put succinctly, ‘scratch an altruist and watch a hypocrite bleed’ (Ghiselin, 1974). References Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. New York: Oxford University Press. Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I II. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7, pp. 1-52. Hamilton, W. D. (1975). Innate social aptitudes of man: An approach from evolutionary genetics. In R. Fox (Ed. ), Biosocial anthropology (pp. 133-155). New York: Wiley. Sachs, J. L. , Mueller, U. G. , Wilcox, T. P. , Bull, J. J. (2004). The evolution of cooperation. Quarterly Review of Biology, 79, pp. 135-160. Trivers, R. L. (1971) Evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, pp. 35-7. Gardner, A. , and West, S. A. 2004. Spite and the scale of competition. J. Evol. Biol. 17, pp. 1195–1203. Gardner, A. and West, S. A. 2006. Demography, altruism, and the benefits of budding. Journal of Evolutional Biology. 19, pp. 1707–1716. West, S. A. , Gardner, A. , Barton, N. H. (2007). The relation between multilocus population genetics and social evolution theory. 169, pp. 207–226. Maynard Smith, J. (1964). Group selection and kin selection. Nature, 20, pp. 1145-1147. Johannsen, W. (1911). The genotype conception of heredity, Amer. Natur. , 1911. 95. 1911-10005-00110. 1086/279202. Krebs, J. R. , Davies, N. B. (1993). An introduction to behavioral ecology. (3rd ed. ). Oxford, england: blackwell. de Quervain, D. J. , Fischbacher, U. , Treyer, V. , Schellhammer, M. , Schnyder, U. , Buck, A. , Fehr, E. (2004, August 27). The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305, 1254-1258. West, S. A. , A. S. Griffin, and A. Gardner. 2007. Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection. J. Evol. Biol. 20, pp. 415–432. West, S. A. , A. S. Griffin, A. Gardner, and S. P. Diggle. 2006. Social evolution theory for microorganisms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4, pp. 597–607. Griffin, A. S. , and S. A. West. 2002. Kin selection: fact and fiction. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17, pp. 15–21. Frank, S. A. (2003). Perspective: repression of competition and the evolution of cooperation. Evolution 57. pp. 693–705. Lehmann, L. , and L. Keller. 2006. The evolution of cooperation and altruism- a general framework and a classification of models. J. Evol. Biol. 19 pp. 1365–1376. Kummerli, R. , Gardner, R. , West, S. A. , Griffin, A. S. (2008) Limited dispersal, budding dispersal and cooperation: an experimental study. Ghiselin, M. (1974). A radical solution to the species problem. Systematic Zoology, 23, 536-554. Van Baalen M. and Jansen V. A. A. (2006) Kinds of kindness: classifying the causes of altruism and cooperation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19: 1377-1379 Heylighen F. (1992) Selfish Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation, Journal of Ideas , 2. pp 77-84.

Virgin bed & breakfast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virgin bed & breakfast - Essay Example There has been provided the analysis of the difference between the underlying profit and the statutory profit of the virgin bed and breakfast. The estimated profit with the tax of ?481m is ?110m. This recorded as being high because of the increased interest charged on the B&B working capital faculty and the government loan plus the size of lower balance sheet (Taparia, 2003 Pg. 38). Income statement information for the six months is restated according to an interim financial report that would provide consistence with the restatement in the 2013 annual reports and accounts for B&B and Virgin. Summary Income Statement 4 months to 30 May 2013 4 months to 30 may2012* 12 months to 31 December 2012 1000? 1000? 1000? Fundamental Net Interest Income Fundamental net non interest income** 723.1 900.9 1,722.4 39.0 14.7 36.5 Fundamental net operating Ongoing administrative Deficiency on loans and advances to customers Net deficiency on investment securities 637.3 816.4 1,533.4 (103.5) (104.5) (2 31.2) 7.3 3.2 57.5 Unrealized fair price movements on financial instruments Hedge vanity Other net administrative expenses - Provision for customer restore Gain on rebuying of capital instruments Profit on disposal of credit linked notes (43.9) (12.8) 79.2 (23.5) (34.4) (75.2) 3.1) (65.2) (65.0) - - - - 348.1 Statutory profit before taxation 347 550 1,298.2 The Virginia will apply some derivative financial equipment for economic purposes. Some of the instruments made and accounted for the compliant fair value. If the effective fair value is established, the movement fair value movement of the derivative is set in part or in full by the value of the edged instrument. In the virgin B&B, basis swaps are designated into a cash flow hedge. The active customer contact program for all unsecured loan payment protection is keenly observed. For the pest analysis, the Virgin has established some strongholds for its survival. Some established mechanisms of survival that would ensure that the vi rgin bed and breakfast would achieve its objectives. Several proposals have been made for the favour of the industry. Through the proposed functioning of the government departments and agencies, the virgin B&B would establish its objectives. The UK government has proposed some tax proposal that may be an increase of 5-10% that would make the UK one of the highest tax holiday destinations. This would cause a decrease for people coming into England but could increase our sales, as we will have prices below average. In addition to this, There could be an increase in travel to the UK which is due to exchange rates being low and thus and increase in customers for our B&B. Change of trends towards luxury hotels or camping and other alternative ways of travelling may influence our sales. In the side of technology, In the future, businessperson may require expensive technologies and consequently would not be able to provide all the essential facilities for our target customers needs. Balanc e Sheet Assets Q1 Ending 31st September 201 Q2 Q3 Q4 Cash/Overdraft 30,290.00 60,389.60 60,389.60 60,389.60 Total assets 30,290.00 60,389.60 60,389.60 60,389.60 And Stockholders' Equity Shareholder’s Capital 50,000. 50,000.00 50,000.00 50,000.00 Owners Equity 19,710.00 10,389.60 10,389.6 10,389.60 Total Liab 30,290.00 60,389.60 60,389.60 60,389.60 Bed & Breakfasts can have a great competitive advantage to the other Hotels in UK; this takes the advantage of

Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Agents and Incidents Essay

Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Agents and Incidents - Essay Example This results in a greater affected area caused by migration by affected individuals. A chemical agent is defined as a chemical substance either in solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is employed to injure, incapacitate or kill human beings or animals because of its toxicological effects (Staten). Chemical agents can be classified into various groups such as â€Å"blood agents, nerve agents, pulmonary or choke agents, blister agents, incapacitating agents and riot-control agents† (Burda 253). An example of a blood agent is cyanide which is commonly used as hydrogen cyanide, or as halogen compounds. Cyanide poisoning causes dizziness, confusion, vomiting, hyperventilation and hypertension leading to coma, hypotension, convulsions, metabolic acidosis and even death. Common cyanide antidotes are sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulphate and sodium bicarbonate (Davies et al. 550). Nerve agents are chemically organophosphates such as sarin, soman, GF, tabun and VX (Burda 254). Organophosphate poisoning produces muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS symptoms. The antidotal agents used for organophosphate poisoning are atropine sulfate, glycopyrrolate and pralidoxime chloride. In March 1995, a sarin attack was made on a Tokyo subway station. Choking agents can be substances like chlorine, chloropicrin and diphosgene. These agents give rise to such symptoms as cough and dyspnea followed by pulmonary edema. Commonly used antidotes are albuterol sulfate and nebulised sodium bicarbonate. Examples of blistering or alkylating agents are nitrogen mustard, mustard gas, lewisite and distilled mustard. Blisters, eye injury, vomiting and vesiculations are typical symptoms of such toxicity. Such a poisoning is treated by using antibiotics. Popular incapacitating agents are QNB and Agent 15, which result in hallucinations, delirium and other anticholinergic symptoms. Such symptoms are reversed by using benzodiazepines and physostigmine salicylate.

Exploring changes in futures prices - Financial Market Essay

Exploring changes in futures prices - Financial Market - Essay Example This report aims at solving issues and problems related to future price changes and how best they can be used to best suit the needs of the market. Future contracts A future is contract between two parties to buy or sell a financial asset or instrument at a fixed future date and at a predetermined price as argued by Chandra, (2008). Futures are traded in the exchange which acts as an intermediary between the two parties. The terms of future contracts are standardized as they indicate what is to trade, when to trade and where to trade. There are three types of protections built-in to ease credit risk in the futures. One, the daily settlement which is is usually settled in cash basis is a major protection that plays a significant role in easing credit risk. Two, margin which the balance is kept in the accounts to cover several days’ worth of potential market to market transfers. It is necessary for every trader to understand this aspect of margin in reference to credit risk. Fin ally, the clearing house which guarantees transactions by insures daily settlement on market gains and losses. Forward contacts are not investments as a result it costs nothing to enter into the legally binding agreement. There are three ways of settling or closing out a contract. First, enter in an offsetting transaction. Two, make or taking physical delivery of the underlying commodity. Finally, cash settlement is another aspect that should be elaborated to traders entering into any form of future contracts. Over the counter forward contracts are flexible but they have their own disadvantages. They are unregulated as no formal body regulates the players in the market and they are only designated for specific needs. History of future contracts The first standardized future to be listed in the exchange was the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) in the year 1848 in the United States. Other major exchanges in U.S include New York Mercantile Exchange (1872), Chicago Mercantile Exchange (187 4) and Kansas City Board of Trade (1882). In Europe futures contracts in the Exchange include London international financial futures Exchange (LIFFE) and Amsterdam, Paris, Belgium exchanges merged with LIFFE to create Euronext LIFFE. This also merged with the Lisbon Stock Exchange. Types of future contracts There are two types of futures, those that provide cash settlement and those that provide physical delivery for commodity. Commodity futures such as coffee require physical delivery on the agreed day. Stock index future contract is an example of a cash settlement contract. They are settled on cash on the basis of index number at the closing day. Treasury bond futures are settled through physical delivery of treasury bonds. Upon maturity, they have to convert into deliverable bond. A holder of short must deliver 100 treasury bonds must mature for at least 15 years. Treasury bill futures. Treasury bills matures after 3 months and that’s when the holder delivers its face valu e Currency futures. Most of the currencies are traded at banks on a cash basis. Usefulness of future contrac

The Development of Education Policy in Malaysia

The Development of Education Policy in Malaysia Towards the end of British colonialism era, a movement was created by the society including several group of educated Malay in restoring our colonial education system. The first Minister of Education and the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak led a special committee to make some recommendations. This comprehensive proposal was known as Razaks Report 1956 that was to create a national education system to uphold the cultural, social, economic and political development such as make the Malay language to be the national language and primary mode of instruction in the system. To establish Education Ordinance 1957, the idea of the Razaks Report became the basic feature. Besides, the government of Malaysia started to create several progressive changes especially of the curriculum in order to endeavour the Malaysian outlook. In 1960, a new special committee was recruited to create the Rahman Talibs report in order to review and analyze the education policy which then became the basic feature in the establishment of the Education Act 1961. The national language was made compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools and in all training institutions by the Education Act 1961. This act also provide that a satisfactory grade must be achieved by the students in order to receive the certificate for public education examination particularly for the lower and upper secondary levels. Mahathirs Report which was chaired by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad, who was the Education Minister at that time (later become the Prime Minister since 1981) was provided in 1979 by a sp ecial committee which after a six-year study, was then finalized. This report achieves national unity in a multiethnic society, enhancing the patriotic spirit, and generates skilled manpower for the development of nation in order to inspire a balance in every single aspects of education between rural and urban areas. In recent years, the guidelines in reforming the education system has been based on this report. Major changes in Education Policy of Malaysia As mentioned in the 46th ICE country report these regulatory frameworks were formulated and revised in line with the government policy of democratization of education. Five of the acts, namely The Private Higher Educational Institutions Act 1996, The National Council on Higher Education Act 1996, The National Accreditation Board Act 1996, The Universities and University Colleges (Amendment) Act, 1996 and The National Higher education Fund Board Act 1997. The education Act 1996 has some major changes in its regulation for the primary and secondary education has been reviewed for amendment by the Ministry of Education. The implementation of compulsory education at primary school level is the main purpose of reviewing this act. The Education Act 1996 was amended again in 2002 and 2003. This policy makes sure that every child in Malaysia beginning at age 6, regardless of sex, social and economic background, and residential locality has the right to primary education. For example, the delivery of mathematics and science subjects has always been in the National Language (Malay) called MBMMBI (Policy for Upholding the Malay Language, Strengthening the Command of English) in Malaysia. However, English language was made the medium of instruction for both of these subjects in 2002. Based on the rationale, a good command of English would enable students to access the internet and read articles published in English. However, the teaching and learning of science and mathematics which reverts to Malay language in national schools will become effective soon. The implementation of this latest policy of using teaching the two  subjects in Malay language in  Year One and Year Four in the primary school and Form one and Form Four in the secondary school shall start in 2012. Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, also the Education Minister said these two subjects in Chinese and Tamil national-type schools would be carried out in mother tongue respe ctively. Then, the cabinet today approved by empowering the Malay language and strengthening the teaching and learning of the English language at all levels of schooling. However, this change would not affect Form Six and matriculation students. Furthermore, another policy comes out with history will be a must- pass subject in Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) examination from 2013 along with the Bahasa Malaysia subject to enlighten the understanding of Constitution on nation- building process of our country. The Development of Education Policy in the United Kingdom In the year of 1870, elementary education fully paid by the government was introduced in England. After the elementary education stage, 80% of the students left school, which after 1918 finished at 14. Free secondary education was introduced in the 1944 Education Act. From here we can see that the UK education policy maker has a different aim. The main overall principle approach was pursuance of equality. Non-selective or comprehensive schools were introduced progressively. However, in 1960, the comprehensive education became the policy of the government. These comprehensive educations can help to improve the prospects of children of average ability by reducing the discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of class. With the idea of equality and opportunity, the selective system becomes more dependable. Comparing to students that go to comprehensive schools, the working class students that went to grammar schools did much better in their education. Market Reforms In the 1980s and 1990s, successive Conservative governments increased the pace of reform and introduced so called market mechanisms. This mechanism in the UK education system can force schools to raise their standards. The 1988 Education Reform Act notices about a quasi-market in education which introduced the market reforms and also the National Curriculum described in Section 3. Thus, there were widespread fear about poor and falling standard in education of UK about the concerns on widening access and educational in equality in 1980s since too many individuals leaving school too early with little basic skills. The aim of the package of market-oriented reforms is increasing parental choice and improving the accountability of state funded schools. Parents could choose which school their child attended. Regard to student enrolment numbers to give schools the incentive to attract and admit more students, school funding became more closely to be linked. Some schools could take control of their own budgets or directly from central government which is opposed to being under local government control. Curriculum Reform UK introduced two other significant national policies to tackle the problem of poor literacy and numeracy. Firstly, in the late 1980s a standardized national curriculum was introduced for pupils aged between 7 and 16. The aim was to raise standards by ensuring that all students study a prescribed set of subjects up to a minimum level until the age of 16. The second policy reform, in 1998, was e National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies that involve all primary schools to allocate part of the daily curriculum to literacy so the pupils basic skills are developed. For the attempts to raise participation in post-compulsory schooling in the UK, there are two major policies. The first is the perennial (and often ineffectual) attempts at qualification reform, which enhances the attractiveness and labour market value of vocational qualifications. Moreover, the second policy was Education Maintenance Allowance, which paid a small means-tested allowance to individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds since they stayed on in full time education beyond the age of 16. As school leavers went on to undertake part-time high quality vocational training, so it resulted in well-respected qualifications with high value in the labour market. Conclusion Almost every day, education is a subject that is often discussed by people almost that it can affect the life of a wide range of population. People of the age ranging from 4 to 80 are said to be obtaining education at anywhere and anytime. Therefore, education policy plays a vital role in providing a good teaching and learning environment to these people. The education policies mentioned above has been changed leads to the existence of E-learning such as the Malaysia Smart School (SSP) project, which is an important flagship in Malaysias multimedia Super Corridor ICT Application and encourages the development of teaching and learning process. The Ministry of Education intended to make ICT to enhance teaching and learning, distance learning, video conferencing and Internet-links leading the government to pay extra attention on the maintenance or improvement of the standard in education.

Prevalence Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay

As before stated, chlamydia is the most prevailing sexually transmitted infection in the United States and is an of import public wellness issue. As a soundless infection with serious effects for adult females, forestalling the incidence of chlamydia is an of import issue for nurses advancing adolescent wellness and those who encounter sterility and ectopic gestation in their pattern ( Stewart & A ; Sparrow Center, 2005 ) . It is estimated that there are three million new infections each twelvemonth ( Adderley-Kelly & A ; Stephens, 2005 ) . Numerous prevalence surveies in assorted clinic populations have shown that sexually active striplings have higher rates of Chlamydia infections ( Adderley-Kelly & A ; Stephens, 2005 ) . In measuring and placing chlamydia infections quickly, the effects of wellness results will be decreased. This survey intends to look into whether or non early testing consequences to the bar and early sensing of chlamydia among immature adult females aged 13 to 25. In order to steer the proposed research inquiries of this survey, this literature reappraisal discusses important surveies and research that have been undertaken in relation to testing for chlamydia infection. Prevalence of Chlamydia Chlamydia is the universe ‘s most normally reported sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( World Health Organization [ WHO ] , 2009 ) . Its effects particularly to adult females are particularly serious: pelvic inflammatory diseases, ectopic gestation, and sterility. A greater concern among wellness attention practicians is the fact that chlamydia is mostly symptomless hence, testing becomes important in observing instances in order to cut down prevalence and the hazard of complications. the addition rates of chlamydia. Meyers, Halverson, & A ; Luckhaupt ( 2007 ) stated that if left undiagnosed and untreated, chlamydia airss several negative wellness results for pregnant every bit good as non-pregnant adult females. Complications originating from chlamydia could include PID, sterility, chronic pelvic hurting among non-pregnant adult females, chorioamnionitis, pre-term labour, premature rupture of membranes, preterm bringing, self-generated abortion, endometritis, and low birth weight in pregnant adult females. Harmonizing to the CDC ‘s Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Annual Report in 2007, chlamydia prevalence is increasing because of a figure of hazard factors. This is particularly true among the younger populations of adult females. CDC ( 2007 ) stresses that the usage of hazardous sexual behaviours, usage of non-barrier contraceptive method, deficiency of instruction, and deficiency of testing contribute to the intensifying rates of chlamydia infection. Furthermore, several barriers lead to proper proving and diagnosing among sexually active immature adult females. Adolescents are loath to seek out proving or care on their sexual wellness because of ignorance, deficiency of consciousness, deficiency of clip, deficiency of transit to the clinics, and vacillation to be unfastened about sexual wellness issues. These barriers, harmonizing to the CDC ( 2007 ) , must be taken down for any intercession plan to win in cut downing chlamydia prevalent rates. Importance of Screening Central to the attempt in cut downing chlamydia prevalence is proper showing of bad populations such as immature adult females aged less than 25 old ages old ( Alexander, 2006 ) . The function of doctors and nursing professionals are important because they are in an first-class place to supply showing, hazard appraisal, and intervention every bit good as provide guidance and instruction plans to forestall infection. Literature has besides suggested that testing reduces the hazard of chlamydia infection among sexually active immature adult females. Recommendations for one-year showing for chlamydia among sexually active females has been a top precedence of the CDC beginning 1993. A survey by Fiscus et Al. ( 2004 ) examined the rate of testing experienced by sexually active females. In a nationally-implemented longitudinal survey of misss belonging in classs 7 until 12 all across the United States, Fiscus and co-workers obtained site-of-care studies, proving studies, studies for intervention to find how many of sexually experience immature misss received one-year showing as recommended by the CDC. A sum of 3,987 sexually active immature misss were participants to Beckon 1 of the alleged National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The survey found that testing among sexually active immature misss was unequal and may be a major lending factors to the lifting degrees of chlamydia incidence among adolescent misss. A clinical survey conducted by Nelson and Helfand ( 2001 ) aimed to analyze the effectivity of testing for the bar of Chlamydia infection. This survey was conducted in visible radiation of the recommendation made by the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force to implement testing in order to forestall the incidence of Chlamydia infection. A big population of male and female participants served as the survey ‘s sample. Questionnaires were mailed and included inquiries on demographic features and designation of a figure of hazard factors such as multiple sex spouses, non-use of barrier contraceptive method or rubbers, and old history of STD infection. The survey conclude that showing is an effectual signifier of intercession to cut down chlamydia infection among bad groups peculiarly pregnant and non-pregnant adult females. Mertz et al. , ( 2001 ) conducted a non-experimental and retrospective survey to measure the grounds behind high incidence of economically disadvantage immature misss with ages 16 to 24 old ages populating in an urban country. The survey concluded that hazardous sexual behaviour ( for economic grounds ) , multiple sex spouses and non-use of rubbers are behind the 10 % incidence of chlamydia infection among the group of immature adult females. Furthermore, deficiency of entree or non-affordability of trials besides hindered immature adult females to take attention of their sexual wellness. Scholes et Al. ( 2006 ) conducted an experimental survey utilizing randomized control test design to measure whether showing is an effectual scheme to cut down incidence of Chlamydia infection. The showing scheme proposed included the designation, proving, and intervention of adult females identified to belong to bad groups. Intervention plans such as proviso of rubbers, instruction and consciousness, and sexual wellness focal point group treatments were used. Women participants were sexually active females aged below 26 old ages old and adult females aged more than 26 and below 35 old ages old. After a 12-month follow up showing, it was found that chlamydia incidence decreased by 51 per centum. A reappraisal of literature conducted by Weinstock, Berman, and Cates ( 2004 ) suggested that proper and accurate monitoring of the prevalence of chlamydia infection among immature people was important in bar attempts. Weinstock and co-workers analyzed national instance studies, national studies, old literature reappraisals, and WHO datasets to analyze prevalence and place intercessions used. The writers identified several obstructions that hindered bar attempts. The major obstruction identified is the symptomless nature of the infection, which means that the disease can travel on without being detected. The writers recommended the execution of cosmopolitan testing plans to supervise and forestall the intensifying rates of STDs and STIs. A longitudinal survey implemented at a national degree from 2000 to 2001 by Ford, Jacard, Millstein, Bardsley, and Miller ( 2004 ) found that stripling ‘s perceptual experiences on their hazard of infection is extremely prognostic of their results in testing and intervention of chlamydia and gonorrhoea. The writers suggested that when striplings make accurate single hazard appraisals, they are more likely to prosecute wellness advancing behaviours such as contraceptive method and safe sex. Ford and his co-workers studied the relationship between demographic and wellness features to comprehend hazard of infection among two groups: 1 ) a sample of sexually active striplings with ages runing from 18 to 16 and 2 ) a subsample of striplings diagnosed with gonorrhoea of chlamydia. The survey found that merely 14 % of the entire respondents perceived they were at hazard for infection while more than 30 per centum of septic respondents reported sensed hazard. The writers suggested that instruction and awareness plans should be implemented to increase the truth of perceptual experiences of hazard among adolescent young person. A survey conducted by Karaer, Avsar, and Batioglu ( 2006 ) aimed to find the hazard factors that contribute to ectopic gestation, which is still a top factor for high maternal morbidity and mortality rates among pregnant adult females. The survey focused on placing hazard factors perceived to be a consequence of Chlamydia infections left untreated. Karaer and co-workers examined 225 instances and 375 control groups to look for commonalty in assorted demographic and behavioural features. Among the factors evaluated were demographic features, smoke, gynaecological history, surgical history, obstetric history, prophylactic use and aided gestation. The survey found that among other hazard factors, PID stood as the most of import for doing ectopic gestation. While the survey acknowledged deficiency of representativeness and deficiency of generalizability, the writers recommended that enhanced instruction and consciousness among adult females and the hazard factors could let an accurate an d timely diagnosing of ectopic gestation. A national longitudinal survey conducted by Crosby and Danner ( 2008 ) wanted to analyze how attitudes and beliefs among striplings were prognostic of geting STI or STD during early maturity. The survey hypothesized that the sexual wellness attitudes of striplings peculiarly refering STDs will foretell whether or non they will be infected with STD when they become grownups. This survey used informations from Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and measure the prevalence of STDs such as gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalia. In add-on, self-report steps were administered to 8,297 striplings who besides provided urine samples for analysis. Self-report steps indicated that there was a general deficiency of instruction and consciousness among striplings about STDs or STIs. Test consequences for STDs during early maturity suggested that those who had accurate perceptual experiences on sexual wellness issues were less likely to contract STD . The findings suggest that supplying striplings with instruction and greater consciousness will most likely avert STD infection in the old ages to come. In a survey on the effectivity of testing among Norwegians, Skjeldestad, Marsico, Sings, Nordbo, and Storvold ( 2009 ) conducted a longitudinal cohort survey that started in December 2007 and ended in April 2009. The survey wanted to place hazard factors associated with repetition chlamydia infection among adult females aged 24 old ages and younger. A sample of 898 Norse adult females participated in the survey. Data aggregation used questionnaires, urine samples for chlamydia testing and needed clinical signifiers, medical records, and other pertinent paperss. Participants were tested for inclusion, and tested once more as a followup. The writers were able to reason that the major cause of reinfection among Norse adult females was a old chlamydia infection. Furthermore, rubber usage during intercourse besides revealed to be a hindrance for reinfection among adult females ( Skjeldestad, 2009 ) .DrumheadThe surveies examined for this literature reappraisal revealed that chlamydia is a serious wellness job among striplings and that showing as a agency of bar remains unequal. The reappraisal besides highlighted the hazard factors associated with chlamydia infection and reinfection. Factors identified include holding multiple sex spouses, old STD infection, and the non-use of rubbers or barrier contraceptive methods. Surveies reviewed here which aimed at measuring testing as a bar method for chlamydia used the longitudinal design and involved big samples. Urine trying seems to be the most prevailing method of proving for chlamydia. Restrictions of the surveies reviewed include non-representativeness and deficiency of control.

Micro Operation at Airlines

_____________________________________________________________________ B200B TMA Spring 2013 _____________________________________________________________________ Question: ‘The airline industry has firms which can be great examples of operations management. There are processes and resources to manage very carefully in order to have satisfactory outputs and results’.Analyze the above statement using examples from B200B material and an airline company, and discuss in particular the following issues: managing micro-operations for an airliner, handling emergencies and delays, serving passengers, reservations handling, baggage handling, meals, maintenance, training of crew†¦ (100 Marks) NOTES TO STUDENTS Cut-off date: Submit this assignment no later than 27 April, 2013.Word count: 1500 words (plus or minus 10%). Referencing: You must acknowledge all your sources of information using full Harvard Style Referencing (in-text referencing plus list of references at the end). Use E-library: to get journal articles on the topic (using Emerald or EBSCO). Use at least 2 or 3 articles. Plagiarism: It is very important to use your own words. Plagiarism will lead to a significant loss of marks. Extensive plagiarism could mean that you failed your TMA.Plagiarism means copying from internet, from unreferenced sources, from other students’ TMAs or any other source. Penalties for plagiarism ranges from failure in the TMA to expulsion from the university. Answering: Your response to the question should take the form of a full essay format divided into a number of paragraphs with introduction and conclusion without subheadings and bullet points. Use B200 ‘reader three’ chapters (Processes), especially chapters 1, 2, 4. Also search information on a specific airline company and use E-library. This TMA is 20% of B200B Grade.

Why Adding Salt to Water Increases the Boiling Point

Why Adding Salt to Water Increases the Boiling Point If you add salt to water, you increase its boiling point. The temperature will increase about a one-half degree Celsius for every 58 grams of dissolved salt  per kilogram of water.  This is an example of boiling point elevation. The property isnt exclusive to water. It occurs any time you add a non-volatile solute (such as salt) to a solvent (e.g. water). But How Does It Work? Water boils when the molecules are able to overcome the vapor pressure of the surrounding air to move from the liquid phase to the gas phase. A few different processes occur when you add a solute that increases the amount of energy (heat) needed for water to make the transition. When you add salt to water, sodium chloride dissociates into sodium and chlorine ions. These charged particles alter the intermolecular forces between water molecules. In addition to affecting the hydrogen bonding between water molecules, there is an ion-dipole interaction to consider. Every water molecule is a dipole, which means one side (the oxygen side) is more negative and the other side (the hydrogen side) is more positive. The positively-charged sodium ions align with the oxygen side of a water molecule, while the negatively charged chlorine ions align with the hydrogen side of a water molecule. The ion-dipole interaction is stronger than the hydrogen bonding between the water molecules, so more energy is needed to move water away from the ions and into the vapor phase. Even without a charged solute, adding particles to water raises the boiling point because part of the pressure the solution exerts on the atmosphere now comes from solute particles, not just solvent (water) molecules. The water molecules need more energy to produce enough pressure to escape the boundary of the liquid. The more salt (or any solute) added to water, the more you raise the boiling point. The phenomenon depends on the number of particles formed in the solution. Freezing point depression is another colligative property that works the same way, so if you add salt to water you lower its freezing point as well as raise its boiling point. The Boiling Point of NaCl When you dissolve salt in water, it breaks into sodium and chloride ions. If you boiled all the water off, the ions would recombine to form solid salt. However, there is no danger of boiling the NaCl. The boiling point of sodium chloride is 2575 degrees F or 1413 degrees C. Salt, like other ionic solids, has an extremely high boiling point.

Free Essays on A Nervous Splendor

Unit 5 Historical Interpretation Question 1 A Nervous Splendor by Fredric Morton A Nervous Splendor is a study of a single year - 1888-1889 - in the fairy tale city of Vienna. During this year Johann Strauss Jr. wrote his Emperor Waltz; Sigmund Freud, having quit his lucrative job as assistant physician to a Nerve Specialist for the Very Rich, used the term "subconscious" for the first time in print; there was a renaissance of Viennese music, art, literature, and architecture; and Vienna became the Suicide Capital of the world. It was the year Crown Prince Rudolph, handsome and popular heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, shot his 17 year-old mistress Mary Vetsera and then himself at his hunting lodge Mayerling. It was also the year Clara Hitler gave birth to Adolph. For many Austrians, it was the year the Western Dream died. In Vienna, the Totentanz, the 'Dance of Death', is necessarily a waltz. Frederic Morton, Viennese to the core and one of our better novelists, turned his hand a decade back to history, the history of Vienna before the wars. The results are s uperb. In A Nervous Splendor, Morton takes up the life and mood of an ancient and imperial city confronting the quickening of modernity: much of the modern world was borne in the Habsburg womb, incongruously enough. Herzl and Freud, Klimt and Mahler, street-sweepers and archdukes all play their parts, drawn in telling detail, richly nuanced. A Nervous Splendor details an ominous year in the failing life of the Austro-Hungarian Dyarchy: a year of suicides great and obscure, of intellectual rebellions and repressions, a year in which Bruckner and Brahms reconciled, Freud took the first steps into a new discipline, and Arthur Schnitzler faced the facts of the writing life. A year dark with portent, and centering most darkly upon the figure of the imperial heir apparent. A year in the gimcrack capital of a ramshackle empire, whose armies moved (usually in retreat) in three... Free Essays on A Nervous Splendor Free Essays on A Nervous Splendor Unit 5 Historical Interpretation Question 1 A Nervous Splendor by Fredric Morton A Nervous Splendor is a study of a single year - 1888-1889 - in the fairy tale city of Vienna. During this year Johann Strauss Jr. wrote his Emperor Waltz; Sigmund Freud, having quit his lucrative job as assistant physician to a Nerve Specialist for the Very Rich, used the term "subconscious" for the first time in print; there was a renaissance of Viennese music, art, literature, and architecture; and Vienna became the Suicide Capital of the world. It was the year Crown Prince Rudolph, handsome and popular heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, shot his 17 year-old mistress Mary Vetsera and then himself at his hunting lodge Mayerling. It was also the year Clara Hitler gave birth to Adolph. For many Austrians, it was the year the Western Dream died. In Vienna, the Totentanz, the 'Dance of Death', is necessarily a waltz. Frederic Morton, Viennese to the core and one of our better novelists, turned his hand a decade back to history, the history of Vienna before the wars. The results are s uperb. In A Nervous Splendor, Morton takes up the life and mood of an ancient and imperial city confronting the quickening of modernity: much of the modern world was borne in the Habsburg womb, incongruously enough. Herzl and Freud, Klimt and Mahler, street-sweepers and archdukes all play their parts, drawn in telling detail, richly nuanced. A Nervous Splendor details an ominous year in the failing life of the Austro-Hungarian Dyarchy: a year of suicides great and obscure, of intellectual rebellions and repressions, a year in which Bruckner and Brahms reconciled, Freud took the first steps into a new discipline, and Arthur Schnitzler faced the facts of the writing life. A year dark with portent, and centering most darkly upon the figure of the imperial heir apparent. A year in the gimcrack capital of a ramshackle empire, whose armies moved (usually in retreat) in three...

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

From Seeds to Civilizations Bruce D Smith - Essay Example These factors influence the cultural macroevolution. Here the changes are determined by the environmental factors and not by the social economic and political ones. The important influence of these macro evolutionary factors has been brought to the limelight by Jared Diamond. These factors played a very pivotal role at the dawn of history especially when writing was first invented. For example the Inuit could not invent farming but people in the Middle East could do so because they were surrounded by wild animals/plants which could be domesticated. Cultural microevolution on the other hand generated a need for liquid fuels for industrialized nations. But it was the macro evolutionary factors which shaped the World War II, where Germany and Japan had to use all their efforts to obtain and defend their petroleum supplies since their own territories lacked them. Early historians did not give much importance to the evolutionary view of history. But seventeenth century onwards scholars like Voltaire, Comte and others visualized history as an evolutionary process that was moving towards a goal. Karl Marx was one of the pioneers of the first great theories of historical evolution. Marx tried to find an evolutionary pattern of history based on scientific analysis. Apart from historians even... We are all products of our social and biological backgrounds. It is due to this very reason that the human nature of citizens living for long under democracies is different than those under dictatorships. Evolutionary theory has converted biology into a logical discipline. Evolutionary theory, primarily its cultural aspects can do the same to social sciences. Although some aspects of such a theory can be overshadowed by the story of sociopolitical evolution from hunting and gathering through the establishment of states that can be put together today. Evolutionary theory thus can be formed without making assumptions about genetics. The change in human natures is essentially because of cultural and not biological evolution. Plant domestication i.e. agriculture has played a very pivotal role in human history. It first began in the Fertile Crescent which is now a part of Israel and Lebanon. Population pressure, declining game supplies and increased plant gathering are some of the reasons given for the origins of agriculture .It is believed that the key reason for the spread of farming was due to the episodic periods of scarcity- a discrepancy of the general population pressure speculation. This could explain the rapid spread of agriculture from the Fertile Crescent The second hypothesis is that agriculture developed due to the rapid end of the ice age. The agricultural revolution was accompanied by rising birth rates. This eventually led to the demand of more food and thus led to the pressure of technological change to make more intensive agriculture possible. Due to this intensification and division of labor human society underwent changes through villages, clans to ultimately modern nation states. Differences in the productivity of the physical

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness Case Study

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness - Case Study Example Operations as defined by Heizer is the management of production of goods and services that add value to the firm. Thus, operations cannot be ignored any wherelets first analyze briefly what actually is the function of an airline industry. Airline industry provides services to its customers by transporting them from one destination to another be it international, national, regional or simply for cargo purposes. The operations issues that are important and critical include airport capacity, route structures, technology and costs to lease or buy the physical aircrafts1. Some of the larger issues that organizations face every time are the weather conditions, fuel costs and labor. Since weather effects flight schedules and is quite variable and naturally unpredictable; weather extremes such as snow, fog, and extreme temperatures can halt the operations of the air transport and hence add to costs both in terms of opportunity cost and the physical cost already incurred. Without fuel, no aero plane could fly, fuel costs comprise around 17-18% of the total cost of the airline company. For managing fuel efficiency the air transportation management should schedule flights properly as for example short haul flights are less fuel efficient as greater part is consumed in landing and take off. Labor is very important, which includes all sorts of labor and skills, flight attendants, pilots, baggage handl ers, dispatchers, customer services, air hosts and hostesses etc. The critical activities2 of an airline industry include demand forecasting, network design, revenue management, route planning, airline schedule planning, irregular operations aircraft routing, integrated scheduling, real time crew management, crew pairing optimization, air traffic flow management, crew rostering, air traffic simulation and control, and also coping with the concerned authorities' control program. Now the critical activities are discussed independently, and the relevant outcome and importance is also specified. Demand forecasting by airlines It is important for an air transportation industry to forecast demand levels correctly, as the management of demand can help in maximizing revenues as much as possible. And since demand for air travel seems to have been growing at the multiples of GDP therefore the need becomes more pronounced. And, there is a need to understand the demand for airlines industry is of two types, viz. underlying growth and the induced growth. The underlying growth in demand occurs as a reason of naturally occurring external factors in the environment;